SHANGHAI — The Chinese Shenzhou VII spacecraft blasted off at 9:07 p.m. Thursday, carrying three Chinese astronauts into space on this country’s third manned space mission in five years.
The three-day mission is expected to include the country’s first attempt at a spacewalk.
The Chinese government has spent billions of dollars in recent years building up a space program that it hopes will help China establish a space station by 2020 and eventually will put a man on the moon, accomplishments that would certainly bring the country international prestige.
The launching of Shenzhou VII from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in Gansu Province, which is in western China, was shown live on state television.
At a ceremony before the launching, President Hu Jintao praised the space project’s effort. “You will definitely accomplish this glorious and sacred mission,” he told the astronauts before the launching. “The motherland and the people are looking forward to your triumphant return.”
China sent into space three experienced fighter pilots, all of them 42-year-old men. One is expected to walk in space for 30 minutes on Friday or Saturday, according to the state media.
The three taikonauts — the Chinese term for astronauts — plan to run tests in space and launch a small satellite monitoring station. They are carrying traditional Chinese medicine on board, in case of sickness, and their diet includes shredded pork sautéed with garlic and grilled beef with spicy sauce.
One astronaut is wearing what the state-run news media has dubbed “the most complicated, advanced and expensive suit in the world,” a $4.4 million space suit designed and produced in China. The spacecraft was launched by what the Chinese space agency calls the Long March II-F carrier rocket, which took the spacecraft into a low orbit, about 210 miles above Earth. The mission, which is being covered extensively in the Chinese media, is another milestone for a country that got a late start in space exploration but is now aggressively launching commercial satellites, putting humans in space and even shooting down aging satellites.
“They have joined a very exclusive club; only the U.S. and Russians are members,” said Roger D. Launius, a senior curator and expert on space history at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, referring generally to China’s space program. “It’s a great start, even though it’s nowhere near what the Russians and the U.S. have accomplished with space flight.”
Russia and the United States conducted their first spacewalks in 1965, and in 1969 the United States became the first country to put a person on the moon.
But Michael D. Griffin, the administrator of NASA, has repeatedly warned that despite the head start by other nations, the Chinese program is moving swiftly and could overtake American efforts to return to the moon by 2020. In testimony to the Senate last year, Mr. Griffin said it was likely that “China will be able to put people on the Moon before we will be able to get back.” He added: “I admire what they have done, but I am concerned that it will leave the United States in its wake.”
The Chinese government also hopes the national space program will aid the nation economically by helping to create technological breakthroughs that may someday be applied to computers or other digital equipment.
India and Japan are now aggressively developing their own space programs, creating some competition in Asia for space flight, and the Europeans have joined forces to explore space.
But China says its space program is speeding along, often with Chinese technology, helping establish the country as a technological power and bringing another dose of pride to the nation after the Olympic Games in Beijing this summer.
Because spaceflight requires large booster rockets and other sophisticated technology that often has military applications, national space programs are often veiled in secrecy, and cooperation among nations is complicated.
Indeed, on Wednesday, the F.B.I. arrested a Chinese-born physicist in Newport News, Va., on charges of illegally exporting space launching technical data and services to China beginning in January 2003. The physicist, Shu Quan-Sheng, 68, was born in China but was a naturalized American citizen. He has a doctorate in physics.
Mr. Shu was also accused of offering bribes to Chinese government officials in exchange for a business contract, according to an F.B.I. statement.
John Schwartz contributed reporting from New York.
2008年9月25日星期四
China’s Milk Scandal Now Seen as Risk in Europe
By ELISABETH ROSENTHAL
Published: September 25, 2008
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/26/world/asia/26melamine.html?_r=1&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss&oref=slogin
European Union regulators on Thursday ordered rigorous testing of imports containing at least 15 percent milk powder after concluding that food containing tainted milk powder from China may well be circulating in Europe and putting children at risk.
The action, announced by the European Food Safety Authority and the European Commission, significantly expands the potential geographic reach of a milk adulteration scandal in China to now include a range of foods sold around the world. The Europeans said cookies, toffees and chocolates were the major concerns.
The World Health Organization and the Unicef also expressed concern on Thursday about the Chinese milk contamination and the implications for other foods. In the United States, some consumer groups called on the Food and Drug Administration to restrict imports of foods that may contain suspected dairy ingredients from China.
In China, milk products contaminated with the industrial chemical melamine have sickened more than 50,000 young children in recent weeks and created a spiraling government scandal.
While it is illegal to import dairy products and baby formula from China into the European Union, European nations can and do import many processed foods containing milk powder as an ingredient that are manufactured outside of Europe. Such products could contain milk powder from China.
In 2007, the European Union imported from China about 19,500 tons of confectionary products, including pastries, cake and cookies, and about 1,250 tons of chocolate and other prepared foods containing cocoa.
“Children who consume both biscuits and chocolate could potentially exceed the T.D.I. by up to more than three times,” the European Food Safety Authority said Thursday, referring to the tolerable daily intake of melamine that the agency regards as safe. Levels above that could result in kidney stones, Ian Palombi, a spokesman for the agency, said in a telephone interview.
In Brussels, the European Commission was trying to assess the extent of the risk. “The problem is with the composite food products, which can be imported, even if they contain milk powder from China,” said Nina Papadoulaki, a spokeswoman for the commission. She said the Commission did not know how many companies sell snacks in Europe that were manufactured in China or included ingredients from China.
She said that member states and food companies in the European Union had been asked to test products for melamine in the past 10 days and so far had not detected a problem, although the testing was continuing.
In the United States, some consumer groups called for stricter regulation as well.
“It is now clear that China has exported dairy products like powdered milk and milk protein products around the globe and we know that some of them came to the United States,” said Wenonah Hauter, executive director of Food and Water Watch. “It is time for the F.D.A. to take this issue seriously and stop the import of dairy products from China until this situation is under control.”
The United States has imported two million pounds of a milk protein called casein this year, along with other powdered milk proteins that are used as ingredients in many processed foods, according to figures from the United States Department of Agriculture. This includes 293,000 pounds that were imported in July. The Food and Drug Administration did not immediately return calls for comment on Thursday.
Melamine is a chemical used in plastic manufacturing that can be added to foods to artificially increase their protein content in testing. Its presence was detected in pet foods originating from China last year.
Even if present in foods in Europe, milk powder contaminated with melamine is not likely to cause the kind of public health disaster that is occurring among Chinese infants. In China, babies drank contaminated milk powder as their sole source of nutrition for weeks if not months, and a handful have died.
Because the harm caused by melamine is related to someone’s weight, it is far less harmful to older children and not likely to be dangerous for adults. Also, for children and adults in Europe, melamine-contaminated milk powder is one small component of a broader diet. The toxic effects of melamine are cumulative, creating kidney stones that can in severe cases lead to kidney failure. Still, children who eat very large quantities of sweets could be at risk.
This week, a number of countries and companies that had previously removed Chinese dairy products from supermarket shelves have started removing snack foods containing milk powder as well. On Thursday, members of the Philippine Association of Supermarkets removed Chinese food products with milk ingredients.
In an increasingly globalized food economy, manufacturers use raw ingredients from all over the world, often making it difficult to track the origins.
For example, Kraft Foods, the maker of Oreo cookies, recently moved one of its large cookie factories from Australia to China. But Claire Regan, a spokeswoman for the company, said that most of the products Kraft made in China were distributed within China, although a limited number were exported. Most do not contain milk products from China, she said, and, when they do, the levels of such ingredients are very low. The Oreo product line does not contain milk ingredients from China, Ms. Regan said.
Published: September 25, 2008
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/26/world/asia/26melamine.html?_r=1&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss&oref=slogin
European Union regulators on Thursday ordered rigorous testing of imports containing at least 15 percent milk powder after concluding that food containing tainted milk powder from China may well be circulating in Europe and putting children at risk.
The action, announced by the European Food Safety Authority and the European Commission, significantly expands the potential geographic reach of a milk adulteration scandal in China to now include a range of foods sold around the world. The Europeans said cookies, toffees and chocolates were the major concerns.
The World Health Organization and the Unicef also expressed concern on Thursday about the Chinese milk contamination and the implications for other foods. In the United States, some consumer groups called on the Food and Drug Administration to restrict imports of foods that may contain suspected dairy ingredients from China.
In China, milk products contaminated with the industrial chemical melamine have sickened more than 50,000 young children in recent weeks and created a spiraling government scandal.
While it is illegal to import dairy products and baby formula from China into the European Union, European nations can and do import many processed foods containing milk powder as an ingredient that are manufactured outside of Europe. Such products could contain milk powder from China.
In 2007, the European Union imported from China about 19,500 tons of confectionary products, including pastries, cake and cookies, and about 1,250 tons of chocolate and other prepared foods containing cocoa.
“Children who consume both biscuits and chocolate could potentially exceed the T.D.I. by up to more than three times,” the European Food Safety Authority said Thursday, referring to the tolerable daily intake of melamine that the agency regards as safe. Levels above that could result in kidney stones, Ian Palombi, a spokesman for the agency, said in a telephone interview.
In Brussels, the European Commission was trying to assess the extent of the risk. “The problem is with the composite food products, which can be imported, even if they contain milk powder from China,” said Nina Papadoulaki, a spokeswoman for the commission. She said the Commission did not know how many companies sell snacks in Europe that were manufactured in China or included ingredients from China.
She said that member states and food companies in the European Union had been asked to test products for melamine in the past 10 days and so far had not detected a problem, although the testing was continuing.
In the United States, some consumer groups called for stricter regulation as well.
“It is now clear that China has exported dairy products like powdered milk and milk protein products around the globe and we know that some of them came to the United States,” said Wenonah Hauter, executive director of Food and Water Watch. “It is time for the F.D.A. to take this issue seriously and stop the import of dairy products from China until this situation is under control.”
The United States has imported two million pounds of a milk protein called casein this year, along with other powdered milk proteins that are used as ingredients in many processed foods, according to figures from the United States Department of Agriculture. This includes 293,000 pounds that were imported in July. The Food and Drug Administration did not immediately return calls for comment on Thursday.
Melamine is a chemical used in plastic manufacturing that can be added to foods to artificially increase their protein content in testing. Its presence was detected in pet foods originating from China last year.
Even if present in foods in Europe, milk powder contaminated with melamine is not likely to cause the kind of public health disaster that is occurring among Chinese infants. In China, babies drank contaminated milk powder as their sole source of nutrition for weeks if not months, and a handful have died.
Because the harm caused by melamine is related to someone’s weight, it is far less harmful to older children and not likely to be dangerous for adults. Also, for children and adults in Europe, melamine-contaminated milk powder is one small component of a broader diet. The toxic effects of melamine are cumulative, creating kidney stones that can in severe cases lead to kidney failure. Still, children who eat very large quantities of sweets could be at risk.
This week, a number of countries and companies that had previously removed Chinese dairy products from supermarket shelves have started removing snack foods containing milk powder as well. On Thursday, members of the Philippine Association of Supermarkets removed Chinese food products with milk ingredients.
In an increasingly globalized food economy, manufacturers use raw ingredients from all over the world, often making it difficult to track the origins.
For example, Kraft Foods, the maker of Oreo cookies, recently moved one of its large cookie factories from Australia to China. But Claire Regan, a spokeswoman for the company, said that most of the products Kraft made in China were distributed within China, although a limited number were exported. Most do not contain milk products from China, she said, and, when they do, the levels of such ingredients are very low. The Oreo product line does not contain milk ingredients from China, Ms. Regan said.
新浪神舟7号直播时 聊天室的一段对白
游客etibelY: 炸啊
游客kjpoWal: 麻烦你们说话有点教养好不好啊
游客oQzkkRu: 网特
游客wWoaxPx: 你个傻逼啊
游客eYyjhvP: 是棒子还是鬼子,傻逼
游客kmPjOkE: 中国人也要说中国话才对
游客zizzYth: 估计晚上没有吃到屎
游客xjdmYRo: 估计是棒子
游客oQzkkRu: 傻比来的.
游客atiaoYc: 把那个狗日的踢出去
游客wWoaxPx: 大家屏蔽就可以啊
游客arpiddm: 2222
游客oQzkkRu: ..吃屎长大的
游客kmPjOkE: 好太好了正常
游客wWoaxPx: 不理他 踏歌傻逼
游客oQzkkRu: 不要怪他
游客etibelY: 一切不正常
游客oQzkkRu: 对 我们正常 你们就不正常了
游客cbnxmuk: 不怪他 骂死他
游客kmPjOkE: 好
游客QnlfPRe: 游客etibelY死全家
游客oQzkkRu: 哈哈哈 太成功了 让你们失望了SB
游客kmPjOkE: 正常多好
游客ImQpepW: 呵呵~
游客ImQpepW: 不正常怎么办啊
游客QnlfPRe: 想不正常的都去死
游客oQzkkRu: ..狗日的网特
游客QtjnWff: 坐里面好平稳啊
游客kmPjOkE: 成功多好中国人太牛了
游客etibelY: 靠 爆炸了
游客etibelY: 好药用完了
游客oQzkkRu: 你说的是你妈的臭B吗
游客wzoPQOO: 说爆炸的给我死去!
游客QtjnWff: 爆你妈的b和你爸菊花
游客WeRezbf: 炸你妈啊
游客OmjhWla: 经验证游客etibelY全家不正常
游客QnlfPRe: 我顶啊
游客hIimyYj: 太好了,一切正常!
游客ImQpepW: 那是啊`
游客roQzzhU: 祝贺祝贺
游客wzoPQOO: 我也ding
游客oQzkkRu: 网特+SB 鉴定完毕
游客zizzYth: 他是他妈和狗的杂种
游客QnlfPRe: 经鉴定属实
游客TycmIjd: 人肉收索 游客etibelY是哪里人
游客ipwQbuy: 中国复兴
游客wzoPQOO: 这东西啥时候完啊?
游客tQlmQmO: 比电视的慢多了
游客rUvgedh: 飞多久入轨啊?
游客kmPjOkE: 太好正常
游客kjpoWal: 麻烦你们说话有点教养好不好啊
游客oQzkkRu: 网特
游客wWoaxPx: 你个傻逼啊
游客eYyjhvP: 是棒子还是鬼子,傻逼
游客kmPjOkE: 中国人也要说中国话才对
游客zizzYth: 估计晚上没有吃到屎
游客xjdmYRo: 估计是棒子
游客oQzkkRu: 傻比来的.
游客atiaoYc: 把那个狗日的踢出去
游客wWoaxPx: 大家屏蔽就可以啊
游客arpiddm: 2222
游客oQzkkRu: ..吃屎长大的
游客kmPjOkE: 好太好了正常
游客wWoaxPx: 不理他 踏歌傻逼
游客oQzkkRu: 不要怪他
游客etibelY: 一切不正常
游客oQzkkRu: 对 我们正常 你们就不正常了
游客cbnxmuk: 不怪他 骂死他
游客kmPjOkE: 好
游客QnlfPRe: 游客etibelY死全家
游客oQzkkRu: 哈哈哈 太成功了 让你们失望了SB
游客kmPjOkE: 正常多好
游客ImQpepW: 呵呵~
游客ImQpepW: 不正常怎么办啊
游客QnlfPRe: 想不正常的都去死
游客oQzkkRu: ..狗日的网特
游客QtjnWff: 坐里面好平稳啊
游客kmPjOkE: 成功多好中国人太牛了
游客etibelY: 靠 爆炸了
游客etibelY: 好药用完了
游客oQzkkRu: 你说的是你妈的臭B吗
游客wzoPQOO: 说爆炸的给我死去!
游客QtjnWff: 爆你妈的b和你爸菊花
游客WeRezbf: 炸你妈啊
游客OmjhWla: 经验证游客etibelY全家不正常
游客QnlfPRe: 我顶啊
游客hIimyYj: 太好了,一切正常!
游客ImQpepW: 那是啊`
游客roQzzhU: 祝贺祝贺
游客wzoPQOO: 我也ding
游客oQzkkRu: 网特+SB 鉴定完毕
游客zizzYth: 他是他妈和狗的杂种
游客QnlfPRe: 经鉴定属实
游客TycmIjd: 人肉收索 游客etibelY是哪里人
游客ipwQbuy: 中国复兴
游客wzoPQOO: 这东西啥时候完啊?
游客tQlmQmO: 比电视的慢多了
游客rUvgedh: 飞多久入轨啊?
游客kmPjOkE: 太好正常
2008年9月24日星期三
Indonesia bans Chinese milk imports印尼禁止进口中国奶粉
http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/news/stories/200809/s2372844.htm?tab=latest 文莱 新加坡 菲律宾 马来西亚 台湾地区 香港 日本
Countries across Asia and around the world have begun checks on China-made milk products and banned sweets and desserts, as China's melamine-tainting scandal ripples through global supply chains.Indonesia health ministry has temporarily banned imports of dairy products from China.
It says the situation in China is severe and Indonesia doesn't want to get affected.
The Ministry says only one dairy product from China has a legal permit for distribution in Indonesia and the government has withdrawn it from the market for investigation.The Indonesian Food and Drugs Supervisory Agency has instructed all regional offices to take Chinese dairy products from stores.Brunei, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, and the Philippines are also testing Chinese dairy products or taking them out of shops.
Countries across Asia and around the world have begun checks on China-made milk products and banned sweets and desserts, as China's melamine-tainting scandal ripples through global supply chains.Indonesia health ministry has temporarily banned imports of dairy products from China.
It says the situation in China is severe and Indonesia doesn't want to get affected.
The Ministry says only one dairy product from China has a legal permit for distribution in Indonesia and the government has withdrawn it from the market for investigation.The Indonesian Food and Drugs Supervisory Agency has instructed all regional offices to take Chinese dairy products from stores.Brunei, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, and the Philippines are also testing Chinese dairy products or taking them out of shops.
122 Economists Oppose $700 Billion Bailout 122位经济学家联名反对美7000亿美元救市
100元+道歉,两经济学家打赌中国经济好转
但愿中国经济学家,能为国家的经济政策做点什么?
看看你们美国同行在干什么吧!
Yesterday, 122 economists signed a letter addressed to Nancy Pelosi and Robert Byrd (the President pro tempore of the Senate) stating their concern for Treasury's bailout plan.
To the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President pro tempore of the Senate: As economists, we want to express to Congress our great concern for the plan proposed by Treasury Secretary Paulson to deal with the financial crisis. We are well aware of the difficulty of the current financial situation and we agree with the need for bold action to ensure that the financial system continues to function. We see three fatal pitfalls in the currently proposed plan: 1) Its fairness. The plan is a subsidy to investors at taxpayers’ expense. Investors who took risks to earn profits must also bear the losses. Not every business failure carries systemic risk. The government can ensure a well-functioning financial industry, able to make new loans to creditworthy borrowers, without bailing out particular investors and institutions whose choices proved unwise. 2) Its ambiguity. Neither the mission of the new agency nor its oversight are clear. If taxpayers are to buy illiquid and opaque assets from troubled sellers, the terms, occasions, and methods of such purchases must be crystal clear ahead of time and carefully monitored afterwards. 3) Its long-term effects. If the plan is enacted, its effects will be with us for a generation. For all their recent troubles, America's dynamic and innovative private capital markets have brought the nation unparalleled prosperity. Fundamentally weakening those markets in order to calm short-run disruptions is desperately short-sighted. For these reasons we ask Congress not to rush, to hold appropriate hearings, and to carefully consider the right course of action, and to wisely determine the future of the financial industry and the U.S. economy for years to come.
致住宅市场的代表和临时参议院主席:
作为经济学家,我们想向国会表达我们对由财政部长保尔森提出的应对次级债方案的密切关注。我们确实看到了现在我们国家金融情况的困境,同时我们也同意我们需要一些打破常规的行动来保证我们的金融体系能继续有效运行。但是,我们看了目前这个提案三个致命的弱点。
(1)它的公平性。这个计划是用纳税人的钱去补贴给投资者。投资者在有风险的情况下去创造盈利,需要能够承受损失。并不是每一个商业的崩溃都会影响系统的风险。政府应该确保一个功能良好的金融业,并能够给一些信誉良好的借贷者贷出贷款,如果没有救援计划的话,很多投资者的和机构的选择被证明是非常不明智的。
(2)它的含糊不清。新机构的任务和监管都不清晰。如果纳税人从问题卖者那里购买了一些非现金资产或者是不透明资产,购买的时间,场合,和方法都应该之前说的非常的清晰,并要在以后谨慎的监视。
(3)它的长期作用。如果计划开始颁布,它的作用将会影响我们整整一代人,对于我们现在面临的所有困境,美国的动力和有创新性个人资本市场带给我们国家无法比拟的繁荣。从本质上讲,为了使短期的崩溃中止,而弱化这些市场是非常短视的。
因为上述原因,我们希望国会不要忙于定论,去恰当的听从建议,并认真考虑这个计划的正确性,能明智的决定美国的金融体系的未来和美国多年后的经济。
翻译者:王卓玮
Signed (updated 9/24/2008 10:30AM CT) 签名者
Acemoglu Daron (Massachussets Institute of Technology)Adler Michael (Columbia University)Admati Anat R. (Stanford University)Alvarez Fernando (University of Chicago)Andersen Torben (Northwestern University)Barankay Iwan (University of Pennsylvania)Barry Brian (University of Chicago)Beim David (Columbia University)Berk Jonathan (Stanford University)Bisin Alberto (New York University)Bittlingmayer George (University of Kansas)Boldrin Michele (Washington University)Brooks Taggert J. (University of Wisconsin)Brynjolfsson Erik (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)Buera Francisco J.(UCLA)Carroll Christopher (Johns Hopkins University)Cassar Gavin (University of Pennsylvania)Chaney Thomas (University of Chicago)Chari Varadarajan V. (University of Minnesota)Chauvin Keith W. (University of Kansas)Chintagunta Pradeep K. (University of Chicago)Christiano Lawrence J. (Northwestern University)Cochrane John (University of Chicago)Coleman John (Duke University)Constantinides George M. (University of Chicago)Crain Robert (UC Berkeley)Culp Christopher (University of Chicago)De Marzo Peter (Stanford University)Dubé Jean-Pierre H. (University of Chicago)Edlin Aaron (UC Berkeley)Eichenbaum Martin (Northwestern University)Ely Jeffrey (Northwestern University)Eraslan Hülya K. K.(Johns Hopkins University)Faulhaber Gerald (University of Pennsylvania)Feldmann Sven (University of Melbourne)Fernandez-Villaverde Jesus (University of Pennsylvania)Fox Jeremy T. (University of Chicago)Frank Murray Z.(University of Minnesota)Fuchs William (University of Chicago)Fudenberg Drew (Harvard University)Gabaix Xavier (New York University)Gao Paul (Notre Dame University)Garicano Luis (University of Chicago)Gerakos Joseph J. (University of Chicago)Gibbs Michael (University of Chicago)Goettler Ron (University of Chicago)Goldin Claudia (Harvard University)Gordon Robert J. (Northwestern University)Guadalupe Maria (Columbia University)Hagerty Kathleen (Northwestern University)Hamada Robert S. (University of Chicago)Hansen Lars (University of Chicago)Harris Milton (University of Chicago)Hart Oliver (Harvard University)Hazlett Thomas W. (George Mason University)Heaton John (University of Chicago)Heckman James (University of Chicago - Nobel Laureate)Henderson David R. (Hoover Institution)Henisz, Witold (University of Pennsylvania)Hertzberg Andrew (Columbia University)Hite Gailen (Columbia University)Hitsch Günter J. (University of Chicago)Hodrick Robert J. (Columbia University)Hopenhayn Hugo (UCLA)Hurst Erik (University of Chicago)Imrohoroglu Ayse (University of Southern California)Israel Ronen (London Business School)Jaffee Dwight M. (UC Berkeley)Jagannathan Ravi (Northwestern University)Jenter Dirk (Stanford University)Jones Charles M. (Columbia Business School)Kaboski Joseph P. (Ohio State University)Kaplan Ethan (Stockholm University)Karolyi, Andrew (Ohio State University)Kashyap Anil (University of Chicago)Keim Donald B (University of Pennsylvania)Ketkar Suhas L (Vanderbilt University)Kiesling Lynne (Northwestern University)Klenow Pete (Stanford University)Koch Paul (University of Kansas)Kocherlakota Narayana (University of Minnesota)Koijen Ralph S.J. (University of Chicago)Kondo Jiro (Northwestern University)Korteweg Arthur (Stanford University)Kortum Samuel (University of Chicago)Krueger Dirk (University of Pennsylvania)Ledesma Patricia (Northwestern University)Lee Lung-fei (Ohio State University)Leuz Christian (University of Chicago)Levine David I.(UC Berkeley)Levine David K.(Washington University)Linnainmaa Juhani (University of Chicago)Lucas Robert (University of Chicago - Nobel Laureate)Luttmer Erzo G.J. (University of Minnesota)Manski Charles F. (Northwestern University)Martin Ian (Stanford University)Mayer Christopher (Columbia University)Mazzeo Michael (Northwestern University)McDonald Robert (Northwestern University)Meadow Scott F. (University of Chicago)Mehra Rajnish (UC Santa Barbara)Mian Atif (University of Chicago)Middlebrook Art (University of Chicago)Miguel Edward (UC Berkeley)Miravete Eugenio J. (University of Texas at Austin)Miron Jeffrey (Harvard University)Moretti Enrico (UC Berkeley)Moriguchi Chiaki (Northwestern University)Moro Andrea (Vanderbilt University)Morse Adair (University of Chicago)Mortensen Dale T. (Northwestern University)Mortimer Julie Holland (Harvard University)Muralidharan Karthik (UC San Diego)Nevo Aviv (Northwestern University)Ohanian Lee (UCLA)Pagliari Joseph (University of Chicago)Papanikolaou Dimitris (Northwestern University)Paul Evans (Ohio State University)Peltzman Sam (University of Chicago)Perri Fabrizio (University of Minnesota)Phelan Christopher (University of Minnesota)Piazzesi Monika (Stanford University)Piskorski Tomasz (Columbia University)Rampini Adriano (Duke University)Reagan Patricia (Ohio State University)Reich Michael (UC Berkeley)Reuben Ernesto (Northwestern University)Roberts Michael (University of Pennsylvania)Rogers Michele (Northwestern University)Rotella Elyce (Indiana University)Ruud Paul (Vassar College)Safford Sean (University of Chicago)Sandbu Martin E. (University of Pennsylvania)Sapienza Paola (Northwestern University)Savor Pavel (University of Pennsylvania)Scharfstein David (Harvard University)Seim Katja (University of Pennsylvania)Shang-Jin Wei (Columbia University)Shimer Robert (University of Chicago)Shore Stephen H. (Johns Hopkins University)Siegel Ron (Northwestern University)Smith David C. (University of Virginia)Smith Vernon L.(Chapman University- Nobel Laureate)Sorensen Morten (Columbia University)Spiegel Matthew (Yale University)Stevenson Betsey (University of Pennsylvania)Stokey Nancy (University of Chicago)Strahan Philip (Boston College)Strebulaev Ilya (Stanford University)Sufi Amir (University of Chicago)Tabarrok Alex (George Mason University)Taylor Alan M. (UC Davis)Thompson Tim (Northwestern University)Tschoegl Adrian E. (University of Pennsylvania)Uhlig Harald (University of Chicago)Ulrich, Maxim (Columbia University)Van Buskirk Andrew (University of Chicago)Veronesi Pietro (University of Chicago)Vissing-Jorgensen Annette (Northwestern University)Wacziarg Romain (UCLA)Weill Pierre-Olivier (UCLA)Williamson Samuel H. (Miami University)Witte Mark (Northwestern University)Wolfers Justin (University of Pennsylvania)Woutersen Tiemen (Johns Hopkins University)Zingales Luigi (University of Chicago)
但愿中国经济学家,能为国家的经济政策做点什么?
看看你们美国同行在干什么吧!
Yesterday, 122 economists signed a letter addressed to Nancy Pelosi and Robert Byrd (the President pro tempore of the Senate) stating their concern for Treasury's bailout plan.
To the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President pro tempore of the Senate: As economists, we want to express to Congress our great concern for the plan proposed by Treasury Secretary Paulson to deal with the financial crisis. We are well aware of the difficulty of the current financial situation and we agree with the need for bold action to ensure that the financial system continues to function. We see three fatal pitfalls in the currently proposed plan: 1) Its fairness. The plan is a subsidy to investors at taxpayers’ expense. Investors who took risks to earn profits must also bear the losses. Not every business failure carries systemic risk. The government can ensure a well-functioning financial industry, able to make new loans to creditworthy borrowers, without bailing out particular investors and institutions whose choices proved unwise. 2) Its ambiguity. Neither the mission of the new agency nor its oversight are clear. If taxpayers are to buy illiquid and opaque assets from troubled sellers, the terms, occasions, and methods of such purchases must be crystal clear ahead of time and carefully monitored afterwards. 3) Its long-term effects. If the plan is enacted, its effects will be with us for a generation. For all their recent troubles, America's dynamic and innovative private capital markets have brought the nation unparalleled prosperity. Fundamentally weakening those markets in order to calm short-run disruptions is desperately short-sighted. For these reasons we ask Congress not to rush, to hold appropriate hearings, and to carefully consider the right course of action, and to wisely determine the future of the financial industry and the U.S. economy for years to come.
致住宅市场的代表和临时参议院主席:
作为经济学家,我们想向国会表达我们对由财政部长保尔森提出的应对次级债方案的密切关注。我们确实看到了现在我们国家金融情况的困境,同时我们也同意我们需要一些打破常规的行动来保证我们的金融体系能继续有效运行。但是,我们看了目前这个提案三个致命的弱点。
(1)它的公平性。这个计划是用纳税人的钱去补贴给投资者。投资者在有风险的情况下去创造盈利,需要能够承受损失。并不是每一个商业的崩溃都会影响系统的风险。政府应该确保一个功能良好的金融业,并能够给一些信誉良好的借贷者贷出贷款,如果没有救援计划的话,很多投资者的和机构的选择被证明是非常不明智的。
(2)它的含糊不清。新机构的任务和监管都不清晰。如果纳税人从问题卖者那里购买了一些非现金资产或者是不透明资产,购买的时间,场合,和方法都应该之前说的非常的清晰,并要在以后谨慎的监视。
(3)它的长期作用。如果计划开始颁布,它的作用将会影响我们整整一代人,对于我们现在面临的所有困境,美国的动力和有创新性个人资本市场带给我们国家无法比拟的繁荣。从本质上讲,为了使短期的崩溃中止,而弱化这些市场是非常短视的。
因为上述原因,我们希望国会不要忙于定论,去恰当的听从建议,并认真考虑这个计划的正确性,能明智的决定美国的金融体系的未来和美国多年后的经济。
翻译者:王卓玮
Signed (updated 9/24/2008 10:30AM CT) 签名者
Acemoglu Daron (Massachussets Institute of Technology)Adler Michael (Columbia University)Admati Anat R. (Stanford University)Alvarez Fernando (University of Chicago)Andersen Torben (Northwestern University)Barankay Iwan (University of Pennsylvania)Barry Brian (University of Chicago)Beim David (Columbia University)Berk Jonathan (Stanford University)Bisin Alberto (New York University)Bittlingmayer George (University of Kansas)Boldrin Michele (Washington University)Brooks Taggert J. (University of Wisconsin)Brynjolfsson Erik (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)Buera Francisco J.(UCLA)Carroll Christopher (Johns Hopkins University)Cassar Gavin (University of Pennsylvania)Chaney Thomas (University of Chicago)Chari Varadarajan V. (University of Minnesota)Chauvin Keith W. (University of Kansas)Chintagunta Pradeep K. (University of Chicago)Christiano Lawrence J. (Northwestern University)Cochrane John (University of Chicago)Coleman John (Duke University)Constantinides George M. (University of Chicago)Crain Robert (UC Berkeley)Culp Christopher (University of Chicago)De Marzo Peter (Stanford University)Dubé Jean-Pierre H. (University of Chicago)Edlin Aaron (UC Berkeley)Eichenbaum Martin (Northwestern University)Ely Jeffrey (Northwestern University)Eraslan Hülya K. K.(Johns Hopkins University)Faulhaber Gerald (University of Pennsylvania)Feldmann Sven (University of Melbourne)Fernandez-Villaverde Jesus (University of Pennsylvania)Fox Jeremy T. (University of Chicago)Frank Murray Z.(University of Minnesota)Fuchs William (University of Chicago)Fudenberg Drew (Harvard University)Gabaix Xavier (New York University)Gao Paul (Notre Dame University)Garicano Luis (University of Chicago)Gerakos Joseph J. (University of Chicago)Gibbs Michael (University of Chicago)Goettler Ron (University of Chicago)Goldin Claudia (Harvard University)Gordon Robert J. (Northwestern University)Guadalupe Maria (Columbia University)Hagerty Kathleen (Northwestern University)Hamada Robert S. (University of Chicago)Hansen Lars (University of Chicago)Harris Milton (University of Chicago)Hart Oliver (Harvard University)Hazlett Thomas W. (George Mason University)Heaton John (University of Chicago)Heckman James (University of Chicago - Nobel Laureate)Henderson David R. (Hoover Institution)Henisz, Witold (University of Pennsylvania)Hertzberg Andrew (Columbia University)Hite Gailen (Columbia University)Hitsch Günter J. (University of Chicago)Hodrick Robert J. (Columbia University)Hopenhayn Hugo (UCLA)Hurst Erik (University of Chicago)Imrohoroglu Ayse (University of Southern California)Israel Ronen (London Business School)Jaffee Dwight M. (UC Berkeley)Jagannathan Ravi (Northwestern University)Jenter Dirk (Stanford University)Jones Charles M. (Columbia Business School)Kaboski Joseph P. (Ohio State University)Kaplan Ethan (Stockholm University)Karolyi, Andrew (Ohio State University)Kashyap Anil (University of Chicago)Keim Donald B (University of Pennsylvania)Ketkar Suhas L (Vanderbilt University)Kiesling Lynne (Northwestern University)Klenow Pete (Stanford University)Koch Paul (University of Kansas)Kocherlakota Narayana (University of Minnesota)Koijen Ralph S.J. (University of Chicago)Kondo Jiro (Northwestern University)Korteweg Arthur (Stanford University)Kortum Samuel (University of Chicago)Krueger Dirk (University of Pennsylvania)Ledesma Patricia (Northwestern University)Lee Lung-fei (Ohio State University)Leuz Christian (University of Chicago)Levine David I.(UC Berkeley)Levine David K.(Washington University)Linnainmaa Juhani (University of Chicago)Lucas Robert (University of Chicago - Nobel Laureate)Luttmer Erzo G.J. (University of Minnesota)Manski Charles F. (Northwestern University)Martin Ian (Stanford University)Mayer Christopher (Columbia University)Mazzeo Michael (Northwestern University)McDonald Robert (Northwestern University)Meadow Scott F. (University of Chicago)Mehra Rajnish (UC Santa Barbara)Mian Atif (University of Chicago)Middlebrook Art (University of Chicago)Miguel Edward (UC Berkeley)Miravete Eugenio J. (University of Texas at Austin)Miron Jeffrey (Harvard University)Moretti Enrico (UC Berkeley)Moriguchi Chiaki (Northwestern University)Moro Andrea (Vanderbilt University)Morse Adair (University of Chicago)Mortensen Dale T. (Northwestern University)Mortimer Julie Holland (Harvard University)Muralidharan Karthik (UC San Diego)Nevo Aviv (Northwestern University)Ohanian Lee (UCLA)Pagliari Joseph (University of Chicago)Papanikolaou Dimitris (Northwestern University)Paul Evans (Ohio State University)Peltzman Sam (University of Chicago)Perri Fabrizio (University of Minnesota)Phelan Christopher (University of Minnesota)Piazzesi Monika (Stanford University)Piskorski Tomasz (Columbia University)Rampini Adriano (Duke University)Reagan Patricia (Ohio State University)Reich Michael (UC Berkeley)Reuben Ernesto (Northwestern University)Roberts Michael (University of Pennsylvania)Rogers Michele (Northwestern University)Rotella Elyce (Indiana University)Ruud Paul (Vassar College)Safford Sean (University of Chicago)Sandbu Martin E. (University of Pennsylvania)Sapienza Paola (Northwestern University)Savor Pavel (University of Pennsylvania)Scharfstein David (Harvard University)Seim Katja (University of Pennsylvania)Shang-Jin Wei (Columbia University)Shimer Robert (University of Chicago)Shore Stephen H. (Johns Hopkins University)Siegel Ron (Northwestern University)Smith David C. (University of Virginia)Smith Vernon L.(Chapman University- Nobel Laureate)Sorensen Morten (Columbia University)Spiegel Matthew (Yale University)Stevenson Betsey (University of Pennsylvania)Stokey Nancy (University of Chicago)Strahan Philip (Boston College)Strebulaev Ilya (Stanford University)Sufi Amir (University of Chicago)Tabarrok Alex (George Mason University)Taylor Alan M. (UC Davis)Thompson Tim (Northwestern University)Tschoegl Adrian E. (University of Pennsylvania)Uhlig Harald (University of Chicago)Ulrich, Maxim (Columbia University)Van Buskirk Andrew (University of Chicago)Veronesi Pietro (University of Chicago)Vissing-Jorgensen Annette (Northwestern University)Wacziarg Romain (UCLA)Weill Pierre-Olivier (UCLA)Williamson Samuel H. (Miami University)Witte Mark (Northwestern University)Wolfers Justin (University of Pennsylvania)Woutersen Tiemen (Johns Hopkins University)Zingales Luigi (University of Chicago)
国家质检总局:未对青岛啤酒等酒企抽查
不能因噎废食,一篇盖全,乱下结论,以讹传讹,大家一定要理性。
国家质检总局24日发表声明表示,质检总局日前并没有对贵州茅台、山东张裕、中粮长城和青岛啤酒进行抽查。
声明说,9月23日在网上有一则消息称,“据传闻,继蒙牛、伊利、光明液态奶被查出含三聚氰胺后,日前国家质检总局又抽查酒类产品,在贵州茅台、山东张裕、中粮长城和青岛啤酒中发现了致癌物质亚硝酸钠”。
声明说,这种说法与事实不符,日前质检总局没有对贵州茅台、山东张裕、中粮长城和青岛啤酒进行抽查。
http://www.donews.com/Content/200809/b7a8ab1e-4882-480f-8771-2a354477248f.shtm
国家质检总局24日发表声明表示,质检总局日前并没有对贵州茅台、山东张裕、中粮长城和青岛啤酒进行抽查。
声明说,9月23日在网上有一则消息称,“据传闻,继蒙牛、伊利、光明液态奶被查出含三聚氰胺后,日前国家质检总局又抽查酒类产品,在贵州茅台、山东张裕、中粮长城和青岛啤酒中发现了致癌物质亚硝酸钠”。
声明说,这种说法与事实不符,日前质检总局没有对贵州茅台、山东张裕、中粮长城和青岛啤酒进行抽查。
http://www.donews.com/Content/200809/b7a8ab1e-4882-480f-8771-2a354477248f.shtm
神七今晚“择机发射”
为避免被外界病菌感染,三名航天员昨天在酒泉卫星发射中心是隔着玻璃与中外记者见面的。
"神舟" 飞船 "飞天"宇航服 有点崇古,迷信的味道称呼?!
长江七号 神舟七号 ,都是蛮有趣的名字?!
三航天员答境外记者提问
(叶鹏飞报道)带领神七升空的三名航天员身份昨天正式公布,同样都是1966年出生的翟志刚、刘伯明、景海鹏下午5点半在酒泉卫星发射中心与中外记者见面,并接受提问。
为避免被外界病菌感染,三名航天员隔着玻璃回答记者提问。三人至始至终神情冷静,没有表现太多的情绪,无论记者如何铺陈提问,他们所有的回答都十分简短。
航天员在短短20分钟的见面会中再三强调军人的荣誉感及爱国心,景海鹏说:“我相信,全世界人民都对北京奥运会开幕式的那29个大脚印记忆犹新,而这一次神舟七号飞行任务,我们有信心,有决心,有能力,在太空走出中国人的第一步!”
翟志刚在回答一个问题时暗示了中国对于未来参与国际航天合作的企图心。他在向国际同行致以问候的同时,也表示“期待在不远的将来,我们能够与国外的同行们一起合作,一起飞行”。
至于航天员平时有什么秘诀来保持心理与情绪的平衡,身为神七指令长的翟志刚在回答本报提问时说:“你这个问题问得很专业,我很愿意回答。一是要把你的注意力放在你当前所从事的事情上;二是时刻保持一个平常心。谢谢!”
当局在安排见面会时非常谨慎,事先不断与记者沟通提问内容,婉拒可能影响三名航天员心情的负面提问。见面会开始前,主持人也建议记者与官员在他们入场时鼓掌鼓励,结果现场的中国记者和官员在每一道回答后都报以掌声,一名外国记者在散会后形容这犹如一场“加油会”。
按惯例,航天员在发射前都会举办一个出征仪式,中国国家主席胡锦涛及总理温家宝分别参加了神五及神六的出征仪式。发射中心新闻官员对本报说,至今还不清楚哪位中央领导人会出席神七的出征仪式。
(叶鹏飞报道)带领神七升空的三名航天员身份昨天正式公布,同样都是1966年出生的翟志刚、刘伯明、景海鹏下午5点半在酒泉卫星发射中心与中外记者见面,并接受提问。
为避免被外界病菌感染,三名航天员隔着玻璃回答记者提问。三人至始至终神情冷静,没有表现太多的情绪,无论记者如何铺陈提问,他们所有的回答都十分简短。
航天员在短短20分钟的见面会中再三强调军人的荣誉感及爱国心,景海鹏说:“我相信,全世界人民都对北京奥运会开幕式的那29个大脚印记忆犹新,而这一次神舟七号飞行任务,我们有信心,有决心,有能力,在太空走出中国人的第一步!”
翟志刚在回答一个问题时暗示了中国对于未来参与国际航天合作的企图心。他在向国际同行致以问候的同时,也表示“期待在不远的将来,我们能够与国外的同行们一起合作,一起飞行”。
至于航天员平时有什么秘诀来保持心理与情绪的平衡,身为神七指令长的翟志刚在回答本报提问时说:“你这个问题问得很专业,我很愿意回答。一是要把你的注意力放在你当前所从事的事情上;二是时刻保持一个平常心。谢谢!”
当局在安排见面会时非常谨慎,事先不断与记者沟通提问内容,婉拒可能影响三名航天员心情的负面提问。见面会开始前,主持人也建议记者与官员在他们入场时鼓掌鼓励,结果现场的中国记者和官员在每一道回答后都报以掌声,一名外国记者在散会后形容这犹如一场“加油会”。
按惯例,航天员在发射前都会举办一个出征仪式,中国国家主席胡锦涛及总理温家宝分别参加了神五及神六的出征仪式。发射中心新闻官员对本报说,至今还不清楚哪位中央领导人会出席神七的出征仪式。
Testing methods for melamine and cyanuric acid 三聚氰胺与三聚氰酸的监测方法
The Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provides a test method for analyzing cyromazine and melamine in animal tissues in its Chemistry Laboratory Guidebook which "contains test methods used by FSIS Laboratories to support the Agency's inspection program, ensuring that meat, poultry, and egg products are safe, wholesome and accurately labeled
美国农业部食品安全检测局提供了一种检测动物器官中三聚氰胺和三聚氰酸的检测方法。在其化学实验室手册中指出“食品安全检测局提供方法确保在肉,家禽和蛋类食品的安全”
http://www.fsis.usda.gov/ophs/clg/Cyromazine.pdf
http://www.fsis.usda.gov/science/Chemistry_Lab_Guidebook/index.asp
FDA公布的用高效液相色谱测定三聚氰胺的方法
HPLC Determination of Melamine, Ammeline, Ammelide, and Cyanuric Acid Contamination in Wheat Gluten and Rice Protein Concentrate
Robert Smith, Jimmie Weigand, and Joan Nandrea. US FDA Laboratory, Lenexa, KS
Wheat gluten or rice protein concentrate was extracted with pH 2.5, 50 mM phosphate buffer by stirring vigorously for four hours at 60°C. The extract was injected onto a combination of two columns in series (a short strong cation exchange column and a C18 column) and eluted using a 50 mM phosphate pH 2.5 buffer. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were estimated from the noise level to be approximately 100 µg/mL and 400µg/mL respectively for melamine, ammeline, and cyanuric acid in the original material. Ammelide LOD and LOQ were estimated at 10µg/mL and 40µg/mL respectively. Spike recoveries were 98% to110%. This method is useful for quantitation in the range of 0.1% to 5% for melamine and cyanuric acid, and from 400 ppm to 10,000 ppm for ammeline and from 50 ppm to 10,000 ppm for ammelide in the wheat gluten or rice protein.
FDA公布的用气相和质谱联用测三聚氰胺
http://www.fda.gov/cvm/GCMSMelamine.htm
美国农业部食品安全检测局提供了一种检测动物器官中三聚氰胺和三聚氰酸的检测方法。在其化学实验室手册中指出“食品安全检测局提供方法确保在肉,家禽和蛋类食品的安全”
http://www.fsis.usda.gov/ophs/clg/Cyromazine.pdf
http://www.fsis.usda.gov/science/Chemistry_Lab_Guidebook/index.asp
FDA公布的用高效液相色谱测定三聚氰胺的方法
HPLC Determination of Melamine, Ammeline, Ammelide, and Cyanuric Acid Contamination in Wheat Gluten and Rice Protein Concentrate
Robert Smith, Jimmie Weigand, and Joan Nandrea. US FDA Laboratory, Lenexa, KS
Wheat gluten or rice protein concentrate was extracted with pH 2.5, 50 mM phosphate buffer by stirring vigorously for four hours at 60°C. The extract was injected onto a combination of two columns in series (a short strong cation exchange column and a C18 column) and eluted using a 50 mM phosphate pH 2.5 buffer. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were estimated from the noise level to be approximately 100 µg/mL and 400µg/mL respectively for melamine, ammeline, and cyanuric acid in the original material. Ammelide LOD and LOQ were estimated at 10µg/mL and 40µg/mL respectively. Spike recoveries were 98% to110%. This method is useful for quantitation in the range of 0.1% to 5% for melamine and cyanuric acid, and from 400 ppm to 10,000 ppm for ammeline and from 50 ppm to 10,000 ppm for ammelide in the wheat gluten or rice protein.
FDA公布的用气相和质谱联用测三聚氰胺
http://www.fda.gov/cvm/GCMSMelamine.htm
Hong Kong cake found with melamine
Hong Kong: The Hong Kong government says melamine has been detected in a locally sold cake and two more children there have been diagnosed with kidney stones after drinking tainted milk.
Tainted baby formula has sickened nearly 53,000 Chinese infants and has already cost the head of the country's food safety watchdog his job. Four deaths are blamed on contaminated milk powder.
A total of four Hong Kong children have now been diagnosed with kidney stones.
53,000 Chinese children taken ill
The Hong Kong government said Tuesday the industrial chemical was found in the Four Seas brand of strawberry flavored cake. Four Seas is a Hong Kong company.
Tests in Hong Kong and Singapore also found melamine in Chinese-made White Rabbit candies.
The stock price of a company at the center of China's tainted milk product scandal plunged Tuesday as the government pledged to crack down on an "out of control" milk-gathering system.
Tainted baby formula has sickened nearly 53,000 Chinese infants and has already cost the head of the country's food safety watchdog his job. Four deaths have been blamed on the contaminated milk powder.
One of China's biggest milk producers, China Mengniu Dairy Co., saw its stock price plummet slightly more than 60 percent in Hong Kong trading Tuesday after its products were found tainted with the industrial chemical melamine.
Hong Kong ship with 18 Indians hijacked near Somali coast
Mengniu, China's No. 1 dairy producer in total volume, said only that a small portion of its products were contaminated and blamed the contamination on "the illegal acts of some irresponsible milk collection centers and raw milk dealers."
"The board wishes to sincerely apologize for the incident and any inconvenience caused to the public," the company said in a statement to the Hong Kong stock exchange.
Melamine, used to make plastics and fertilizer, has been found in infant formula and other milk products from Mengniu and 21 other Chinese dairy companies. Suppliers trying to cut costs are believed to have added it to watered-down milk because its high nitrogen content masks the resulting protein deficiency.
It is not known where in the milk supply chain the melamine was added, but Agriculture Minister Sun Zhengcai told a meeting with the health and public security ministries late Monday that it may have been at the stations which collect milk from small individual farmers.
Hong Kong bans mainland Chinese from giving birth
"Since milk stations began only in recent years, the country now has no specific method of supervising them, or clear-cut supervision department. The purchasing process of raw milk is basically out of control," Sun said, according to a summary of his comments posted on his ministry's Web site Tuesday.
"We must crack down on them with the greatest determination and the toughest measures," Sun added.
The scandal has already led to numerous arrests and resignations, including that of Li Changjiang, who stepped down Monday as head of the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine. He ran the safety watchdog since 2001 and his resignation comes a year after he and the government promised to overhaul the system in response to a series of product safety scares.
New regulations and procedures were introduced in an attempt to restore consumer confidence and preserve export markets after a string of recalls involving tainted toothpaste, faulty tires, contaminated seafood and in March 2007, pet food containing melamine that was blamed for the deaths of dogs and cats in the United States.
The number of sick children reported by the Health Ministry has jumped from 6,200 to nearly 53,000. Of those, 12,892 remain hospitalized, with 104 of them in serious condition. Another 39,965 children were treated and released.
The huge jump may have been because health officials combed through hospital records from May through August to trace the origins of the contamination.
Baby formula and other milk products have been pulled from stores around the country and Chinese dairy products have been recalled or banned in Japan, Singapore, Brunei, Malaysia and Hong Kong.
The Philippines joined that list Tuesday when Bureau of Food and Drugs chief Leticia Barbara Gutierrez banned all milk imports from China as a precaution. She said her office has no record of baby formula imports from China.
Taiwanese officials said they were conducting a sweeping food inspection to assure consumers that local milk supplies are free of chemical contamination.
The discovery of the tainted milk is especially damaging because Sanlu was considered one of the most reputable brands in China, winning an industry award in January and being featured on state television last fall as a domestic company with stringent quality controls.
© 2008 The Associated Press. All rights reserved
Tainted baby formula has sickened nearly 53,000 Chinese infants and has already cost the head of the country's food safety watchdog his job. Four deaths are blamed on contaminated milk powder.
A total of four Hong Kong children have now been diagnosed with kidney stones.
53,000 Chinese children taken ill
The Hong Kong government said Tuesday the industrial chemical was found in the Four Seas brand of strawberry flavored cake. Four Seas is a Hong Kong company.
Tests in Hong Kong and Singapore also found melamine in Chinese-made White Rabbit candies.
The stock price of a company at the center of China's tainted milk product scandal plunged Tuesday as the government pledged to crack down on an "out of control" milk-gathering system.
Tainted baby formula has sickened nearly 53,000 Chinese infants and has already cost the head of the country's food safety watchdog his job. Four deaths have been blamed on the contaminated milk powder.
One of China's biggest milk producers, China Mengniu Dairy Co., saw its stock price plummet slightly more than 60 percent in Hong Kong trading Tuesday after its products were found tainted with the industrial chemical melamine.
Hong Kong ship with 18 Indians hijacked near Somali coast
Mengniu, China's No. 1 dairy producer in total volume, said only that a small portion of its products were contaminated and blamed the contamination on "the illegal acts of some irresponsible milk collection centers and raw milk dealers."
"The board wishes to sincerely apologize for the incident and any inconvenience caused to the public," the company said in a statement to the Hong Kong stock exchange.
Melamine, used to make plastics and fertilizer, has been found in infant formula and other milk products from Mengniu and 21 other Chinese dairy companies. Suppliers trying to cut costs are believed to have added it to watered-down milk because its high nitrogen content masks the resulting protein deficiency.
It is not known where in the milk supply chain the melamine was added, but Agriculture Minister Sun Zhengcai told a meeting with the health and public security ministries late Monday that it may have been at the stations which collect milk from small individual farmers.
Hong Kong bans mainland Chinese from giving birth
"Since milk stations began only in recent years, the country now has no specific method of supervising them, or clear-cut supervision department. The purchasing process of raw milk is basically out of control," Sun said, according to a summary of his comments posted on his ministry's Web site Tuesday.
"We must crack down on them with the greatest determination and the toughest measures," Sun added.
The scandal has already led to numerous arrests and resignations, including that of Li Changjiang, who stepped down Monday as head of the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine. He ran the safety watchdog since 2001 and his resignation comes a year after he and the government promised to overhaul the system in response to a series of product safety scares.
New regulations and procedures were introduced in an attempt to restore consumer confidence and preserve export markets after a string of recalls involving tainted toothpaste, faulty tires, contaminated seafood and in March 2007, pet food containing melamine that was blamed for the deaths of dogs and cats in the United States.
The number of sick children reported by the Health Ministry has jumped from 6,200 to nearly 53,000. Of those, 12,892 remain hospitalized, with 104 of them in serious condition. Another 39,965 children were treated and released.
The huge jump may have been because health officials combed through hospital records from May through August to trace the origins of the contamination.
Baby formula and other milk products have been pulled from stores around the country and Chinese dairy products have been recalled or banned in Japan, Singapore, Brunei, Malaysia and Hong Kong.
The Philippines joined that list Tuesday when Bureau of Food and Drugs chief Leticia Barbara Gutierrez banned all milk imports from China as a precaution. She said her office has no record of baby formula imports from China.
Taiwanese officials said they were conducting a sweeping food inspection to assure consumers that local milk supplies are free of chemical contamination.
The discovery of the tainted milk is especially damaging because Sanlu was considered one of the most reputable brands in China, winning an industry award in January and being featured on state television last fall as a domestic company with stringent quality controls.
© 2008 The Associated Press. All rights reserved
China Says Complaints About Milk Began in 2007
By DAVID BARBOZA
Published: September 23, 2008
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/24/world/asia/24milk.html?_r=1&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss&oref=slogin
SHANGHAI — One of China’s biggest dairy producers received consumer complaints about its baby milk formula as early as December 2007 — much earlier than previously thought and 10 months before the producer ordered a nationwide recall because of concerns that the formula had been adulterated with a toxic industrial chemical, state media said Tuesday.
The disclosure, in a government report publicized by the official Xinhua News Agency, is the latest indication that the producer, Sanlu Group, had repeatedly tried to hide information about its contaminated dairy supplies from the public.
Powdered milk formula in China tainted by melamine, a chemical compound, has already sickened more than 53,000 infants and killed three children nationwide, according to the Health Ministry, leading to recalls of Chinese-made dairy products in China and other parts of Asia, devastating this nation’s huge dairy industry and casting a renewed pall over the quality of Chinese food production. Officials at the Sanlu Group, which is based in northern China’s Hebei Province, could not be reached for comment on Tuesday.
The government report did not include details about the nature or number of consumer complaints but put the timing of when they began at least six months earlier than first reported.
Earlier this month, government investigators said that Sanlu officials had delayed acting on consumer complaints and warnings in June, and that local government officials in Hebei knew of the problems in early August, just before the Olympic Games opened in Beijing.
Sanlu announced a nationwide recall in early September.
The Fonterra Group of New Zealand, which is one of the world’s biggest dairy exporters and has a 43 percent stake in Sanlu, says it pressed its Chinese partner to announce a recall in August, but company and local government officials refused.
Food safety experts say the delays may have allowed the tainted powdered milk supplies to spread more widely, making tens of thousands of children ill.
The delays have led to widespread speculation in China that Sanlu and some government officials were trying to cover up the problem during the Olympics because Beijing had pressed Chinese journalists and companies not to release negative news.
In the two weeks since reports spread about the contamination and sickness, though, the milk recall has mushroomed, with worried parents rushing to hospitals, supermarket chains pulling dairy products off shelves and dairy farmers dumping milk because no one is willing to drink it.
China’s dairy industry has been booming for more than a decade, with the aid of a government initiative to get Chinese to drink more milk.
But worries about baby formula tainted with melamine, which is used to produce plastics and fertilizer, led to government checks that uncovered evidence that products made by 21 other dairy producers, including some of China’s best known dairy brands, have also been tainted by melamine.
On Monday, the government announced that the head of the nation’s quality watchdog had been forced to resign for failing to properly supervise the dairy market. Several government officials from Hebei Province have also been forced to step down, along with the chairwoman of the Sanlu Group.
The government announced Tuesday that more than 7,000 tons of dairy products had been removed from store shelves. Also on Tuesday, the Ministry of Agriculture said the nation’s dairy collection system was “out of control,” The Associated Press reported, making it possible for unscrupulous businesses to intentionally spike dairy supplies with melamine, which can be used to illegally and artificially inflate the protein count in milk and other foods.
Published: September 23, 2008
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/24/world/asia/24milk.html?_r=1&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss&oref=slogin
SHANGHAI — One of China’s biggest dairy producers received consumer complaints about its baby milk formula as early as December 2007 — much earlier than previously thought and 10 months before the producer ordered a nationwide recall because of concerns that the formula had been adulterated with a toxic industrial chemical, state media said Tuesday.
The disclosure, in a government report publicized by the official Xinhua News Agency, is the latest indication that the producer, Sanlu Group, had repeatedly tried to hide information about its contaminated dairy supplies from the public.
Powdered milk formula in China tainted by melamine, a chemical compound, has already sickened more than 53,000 infants and killed three children nationwide, according to the Health Ministry, leading to recalls of Chinese-made dairy products in China and other parts of Asia, devastating this nation’s huge dairy industry and casting a renewed pall over the quality of Chinese food production. Officials at the Sanlu Group, which is based in northern China’s Hebei Province, could not be reached for comment on Tuesday.
The government report did not include details about the nature or number of consumer complaints but put the timing of when they began at least six months earlier than first reported.
Earlier this month, government investigators said that Sanlu officials had delayed acting on consumer complaints and warnings in June, and that local government officials in Hebei knew of the problems in early August, just before the Olympic Games opened in Beijing.
Sanlu announced a nationwide recall in early September.
The Fonterra Group of New Zealand, which is one of the world’s biggest dairy exporters and has a 43 percent stake in Sanlu, says it pressed its Chinese partner to announce a recall in August, but company and local government officials refused.
Food safety experts say the delays may have allowed the tainted powdered milk supplies to spread more widely, making tens of thousands of children ill.
The delays have led to widespread speculation in China that Sanlu and some government officials were trying to cover up the problem during the Olympics because Beijing had pressed Chinese journalists and companies not to release negative news.
In the two weeks since reports spread about the contamination and sickness, though, the milk recall has mushroomed, with worried parents rushing to hospitals, supermarket chains pulling dairy products off shelves and dairy farmers dumping milk because no one is willing to drink it.
China’s dairy industry has been booming for more than a decade, with the aid of a government initiative to get Chinese to drink more milk.
But worries about baby formula tainted with melamine, which is used to produce plastics and fertilizer, led to government checks that uncovered evidence that products made by 21 other dairy producers, including some of China’s best known dairy brands, have also been tainted by melamine.
On Monday, the government announced that the head of the nation’s quality watchdog had been forced to resign for failing to properly supervise the dairy market. Several government officials from Hebei Province have also been forced to step down, along with the chairwoman of the Sanlu Group.
The government announced Tuesday that more than 7,000 tons of dairy products had been removed from store shelves. Also on Tuesday, the Ministry of Agriculture said the nation’s dairy collection system was “out of control,” The Associated Press reported, making it possible for unscrupulous businesses to intentionally spike dairy supplies with melamine, which can be used to illegally and artificially inflate the protein count in milk and other foods.
2008年9月23日星期二
Stock price falls for dairy amid massive China recall
Updated Tue. Sep. 23 2008 6:39 AM ET
The Associated Press
http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20080922/china_milk_080923/20080923?hub=World
BEIJING --
The stock price of a company at the centre of China's tainted milk product scandal plunged Tuesday as the government pledged to crack down on an "out of control" milk-gathering system.
Tainted baby formula has sickened nearly 53,000 Chinese infants and has already cost the head of the country's food safety watchdog his job. Four deaths have been blamed on the contaminated milk powder.
One of China's biggest milk producers, China Mengniu Dairy Co., saw its stock price plummet slightly more than 60 per cent in Hong Kong trading Tuesday after its products were found tainted with the industrial chemical melamine.
Mengniu, China's No. 1 dairy producer in total volume, said only that a small portion of its products were contaminated and blamed the contamination on "the illegal acts of some irresponsible milk collection centres and raw milk dealers."
"The board wishes to sincerely apologize for the incident and any inconvenience caused to the public," the company said in a statement to the Hong Kong stock exchange.
Melamine, used to make plastics and fertilizer, has been found in infant formula and other milk products from Mengniu and 21 other Chinese dairy companies. Suppliers trying to cut costs are believed to have added it to watered-down milk because its high nitrogen content masks the resulting protein deficiency.
It is not known where in the milk supply chain the melamine was added, but Agriculture Minister Sun Zhengcai told a meeting with the health and public security ministries late Monday that it may have been at the stations which collect milk from small individual farmers.
"Since milk stations began only in recent years, the country now has no specific method of supervising them, or a clear-cut supervision department. The purchasing process of raw milk is basically out of control," Sun said, according to a summary of his comments posted on his ministry's Web site Tuesday.
"We must crack down on them with the greatest determination and the toughest measures," Sun added.
The scandal has already led to numerous arrests and resignations, including that of Li Changjiang, who stepped down Monday as head of the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine. He ran the safety watchdog since 2001 and his resignation comes a year after he and the government promised to overhaul the system in response to a series of product safety scares.
New regulations and procedures were introduced in an attempt to restore consumer confidence and preserve export markets after a string of recalls involving tainted toothpaste, faulty tires, contaminated seafood and in March 2007, pet food containing melamine that was blamed for the deaths of dogs and cats in the United States.
The number of sick children reported by the Health Ministry has jumped from 6,200 to nearly 53,000. Of those, 12,892 remain hospitalized, with 104 of them in serious condition. Another 39,965 children were treated and released.
The huge jump may have been because health officials combed through hospital records from May through August to trace the origins of the contamination.
Baby formula and other milk products have been pulled from stores around the country and Chinese dairy products have been recalled or banned in Japan, Singapore, Brunei, Malaysia and Hong Kong.
The Philippines joined that list Tuesday when Bureau of Food and Drugs chief Leticia Barbara Gutierrez banned all milk imports from China as a precaution. She said her office has no record of baby formula imports from China.
Taiwanese officials said they were conducting a sweeping food inspection to assure consumers that local milk supplies are free of chemical contamination.
In Canada, a dessert product and brand of instant coffee have been pulled from store shelves after their foreign importers said they may be contaminated with melamine. No illnesses have been reported so far, according to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency.
The Associated Press
http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20080922/china_milk_080923/20080923?hub=World
BEIJING --
The stock price of a company at the centre of China's tainted milk product scandal plunged Tuesday as the government pledged to crack down on an "out of control" milk-gathering system.
Tainted baby formula has sickened nearly 53,000 Chinese infants and has already cost the head of the country's food safety watchdog his job. Four deaths have been blamed on the contaminated milk powder.
One of China's biggest milk producers, China Mengniu Dairy Co., saw its stock price plummet slightly more than 60 per cent in Hong Kong trading Tuesday after its products were found tainted with the industrial chemical melamine.
Mengniu, China's No. 1 dairy producer in total volume, said only that a small portion of its products were contaminated and blamed the contamination on "the illegal acts of some irresponsible milk collection centres and raw milk dealers."
"The board wishes to sincerely apologize for the incident and any inconvenience caused to the public," the company said in a statement to the Hong Kong stock exchange.
Melamine, used to make plastics and fertilizer, has been found in infant formula and other milk products from Mengniu and 21 other Chinese dairy companies. Suppliers trying to cut costs are believed to have added it to watered-down milk because its high nitrogen content masks the resulting protein deficiency.
It is not known where in the milk supply chain the melamine was added, but Agriculture Minister Sun Zhengcai told a meeting with the health and public security ministries late Monday that it may have been at the stations which collect milk from small individual farmers.
"Since milk stations began only in recent years, the country now has no specific method of supervising them, or a clear-cut supervision department. The purchasing process of raw milk is basically out of control," Sun said, according to a summary of his comments posted on his ministry's Web site Tuesday.
"We must crack down on them with the greatest determination and the toughest measures," Sun added.
The scandal has already led to numerous arrests and resignations, including that of Li Changjiang, who stepped down Monday as head of the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine. He ran the safety watchdog since 2001 and his resignation comes a year after he and the government promised to overhaul the system in response to a series of product safety scares.
New regulations and procedures were introduced in an attempt to restore consumer confidence and preserve export markets after a string of recalls involving tainted toothpaste, faulty tires, contaminated seafood and in March 2007, pet food containing melamine that was blamed for the deaths of dogs and cats in the United States.
The number of sick children reported by the Health Ministry has jumped from 6,200 to nearly 53,000. Of those, 12,892 remain hospitalized, with 104 of them in serious condition. Another 39,965 children were treated and released.
The huge jump may have been because health officials combed through hospital records from May through August to trace the origins of the contamination.
Baby formula and other milk products have been pulled from stores around the country and Chinese dairy products have been recalled or banned in Japan, Singapore, Brunei, Malaysia and Hong Kong.
The Philippines joined that list Tuesday when Bureau of Food and Drugs chief Leticia Barbara Gutierrez banned all milk imports from China as a precaution. She said her office has no record of baby formula imports from China.
Taiwanese officials said they were conducting a sweeping food inspection to assure consumers that local milk supplies are free of chemical contamination.
In Canada, a dessert product and brand of instant coffee have been pulled from store shelves after their foreign importers said they may be contaminated with melamine. No illnesses have been reported so far, according to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency.
“三鹿”事件:防范胜于问责
2008年09月23日 09:33新华网
http://news.ifeng.com/opinion/200809/0923_23_798984.shtml
继严肃处理山西"9.8"尾矿库溃坝事故有关责任人后,今日中央又痛下决心,对"三鹿"毒奶粉事件的相关领导进行了问责和处理。在对中央决定拍手称快的同时,不禁想到,我们不仅要有事后的严肃处理,更应有一整套防范和杜绝此类事件发生的法律和制度。
反思毒奶粉事件,起因是厂家、不法分子等为了一己之利不惜作出种种缺德非法罪行,但其波及范围能如此之广,造成的社会负面影响如此之大,则反映出我们的质量安全监控管理部门工作不力,监管制度和机制存在很大漏洞。同时,有关责任人的冷血、无知,也是造成这一事件的重要原因。对这一事件,从制奶行业,到整个食品行业,到全社会各行各业,实际上都应痛定思痛,进行深刻反思,切实吸取教训。
我们的企业,要以此事为戒,加强自身的安全体系和道德体系建设,诚实守信,依法经营,通过抓管理、抓质量来提高产品竞争力、赢得消费者信赖。而如果道德缺失、投机取巧,其结果只能是自掘坟墓。
对于政府来说,要以此举一反三,拿出足够的决心和智慧,从根本上加强对各行各业的监督和管理,建立严格的监管体系和制度并确保制度得到很好执行,用法律手段来重建我们的诚信体系,来维护我们的食品安全、药品安全、乃至各个方面的安全。
凤凰涅磐而后浴火重生。真心希望我们的国家、我们的民族能真正能从惨痛的矿难和毒奶粉事件中吸取经验教训,举一反三,防患于未然。也唯其这样,民族才能进步,国家才能富强。
http://news.ifeng.com/opinion/200809/0923_23_798984.shtml
继严肃处理山西"9.8"尾矿库溃坝事故有关责任人后,今日中央又痛下决心,对"三鹿"毒奶粉事件的相关领导进行了问责和处理。在对中央决定拍手称快的同时,不禁想到,我们不仅要有事后的严肃处理,更应有一整套防范和杜绝此类事件发生的法律和制度。
反思毒奶粉事件,起因是厂家、不法分子等为了一己之利不惜作出种种缺德非法罪行,但其波及范围能如此之广,造成的社会负面影响如此之大,则反映出我们的质量安全监控管理部门工作不力,监管制度和机制存在很大漏洞。同时,有关责任人的冷血、无知,也是造成这一事件的重要原因。对这一事件,从制奶行业,到整个食品行业,到全社会各行各业,实际上都应痛定思痛,进行深刻反思,切实吸取教训。
我们的企业,要以此事为戒,加强自身的安全体系和道德体系建设,诚实守信,依法经营,通过抓管理、抓质量来提高产品竞争力、赢得消费者信赖。而如果道德缺失、投机取巧,其结果只能是自掘坟墓。
对于政府来说,要以此举一反三,拿出足够的决心和智慧,从根本上加强对各行各业的监督和管理,建立严格的监管体系和制度并确保制度得到很好执行,用法律手段来重建我们的诚信体系,来维护我们的食品安全、药品安全、乃至各个方面的安全。
凤凰涅磐而后浴火重生。真心希望我们的国家、我们的民族能真正能从惨痛的矿难和毒奶粉事件中吸取经验教训,举一反三,防患于未然。也唯其这样,民族才能进步,国家才能富强。
2008年9月21日星期日
Nearly 13,000 in hospital in China milk scandal
http://www.canada.com/topics/bodyandhealth/story.html?id=d19fda57-7fdd-47d7-92d0-e28b1e3b0033&p=1
Chris Buckley , ReutersPublished: Monday, September 22, 2008
路透社2008/9/22Chris Buckley , ReutersPublished: Monday, September 22, 2008
BEIJING (Reuters) - The number of Chinese infants sick in hospital after drinking tainted milk formula has leapt to nearly 13,000 and Premier Wen Jiabao threatened harsh punishment for culprits in the latest blight on the "made-in-China" brand.
因喝了污染奶粉的而生病住院的中国婴儿已经接近13,000个。温家宝总理说要严惩那些给中国制造抹黑的犯罪分子。
The Health Ministry said the toll of children ill from milk powder contaminated with the industrial chemical melamine had risen from a previously announced total of 6,244 -- which included many who had left hospital -- to 12,892.
Another 39,965 children had "received clinical treatment and advice" before being sent home.More than 80 percent of the sick were aged under two. So far, four deaths have been blamed on toxic milk powder causing kidney stones and agonizing complications, and 104 children are in a serious condition.
The jump was announced late on Sunday, an escalation in the spreading scandal that has shaken trust in Chinese products again after last year's scares over toxic and shoddy goods from toothpaste and drugs to pet food and toys.
Wen visited hospitals in the national capital in a bid to reassure an anxious public that his government was acting.
"The public is worried, doctors are worried, and we're also worried," he told parents and staff, according to the state-run Xinhua news agency.
"The most crucial point is that after a clean-up there can be no problems at all with newly produced milk products. If there are fresh problems, they must be even more sternly punished under the law."
China's food quality watchdog has said it found melamine in nearly 10 percent of milk and drinking yoghurt samples from three major dairy companies: Mengniu Dairy Co, the Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group and the Bright group.
By Saturday, Chinese consumers had claimed refunds for 304 tonnes of dairy products, the China Daily reported.
Nitrogen-rich melamine can be added to watered-down milk to fool quality checks, which often use nitrogen levels to measure protein. The Health Ministry stressed that no cases of illness have been founded related to liquid milk.
But China's dairy producers face a "crisis of confidence" that will need strong government-led steps to overcome, said Lao Bing, manager of a Shanghai-based dairy investment company.
"How long the industry takes to revive will depend on how vigorous those steps are," he said. "Consumers will start rebuying in a month or two if they feel sure the government is undertaking a vigorous clean-up ... Exports will take longer. This will have a major impact."
PANICKED PARENTS
Panicked parents have crowded China's hospitals and demanded redress since officials and the Sanlu Group, the country's biggest maker of infant milk powder, disclosed the threat.
Sanlu failed to publicly disclose the problem for at least a month, throughout August when Beijing hosted the Olympic Games, officials have said.The government has promised free treatment for stricken children, but some parents said they worried about costs and long-term complications.
Zhou Zhijun, a mother from south China's Hunan province, said she took her wailing, increasingly thin daughter to hospitals at least three times from June to late August before doctors diagnosed a kidney stone.
"All those visits and checks cost 20,000 yuan ($2,920), and I still don't know who will pay for that," she said, adding that her 15-month-old baby had drunk Sanlu milk powder. "Also what if there are complications and problems later? Who'll pay for that?"
The Health Ministry said the toll of children ill from milk powder contaminated with the industrial chemical melamine had risen from a previously announced total of 6,244 -- which included many who had left hospital -- to 12,892.
Another 39,965 children had "received clinical treatment and advice" before being sent home.More than 80 percent of the sick were aged under two. So far, four deaths have been blamed on toxic milk powder causing kidney stones and agonizing complications, and 104 children are in a serious condition.
The jump was announced late on Sunday, an escalation in the spreading scandal that has shaken trust in Chinese products again after last year's scares over toxic and shoddy goods from toothpaste and drugs to pet food and toys.
Wen visited hospitals in the national capital in a bid to reassure an anxious public that his government was acting.
"The public is worried, doctors are worried, and we're also worried," he told parents and staff, according to the state-run Xinhua news agency.
"The most crucial point is that after a clean-up there can be no problems at all with newly produced milk products. If there are fresh problems, they must be even more sternly punished under the law."
China's food quality watchdog has said it found melamine in nearly 10 percent of milk and drinking yoghurt samples from three major dairy companies: Mengniu Dairy Co, the Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group and the Bright group.
By Saturday, Chinese consumers had claimed refunds for 304 tonnes of dairy products, the China Daily reported.
Nitrogen-rich melamine can be added to watered-down milk to fool quality checks, which often use nitrogen levels to measure protein. The Health Ministry stressed that no cases of illness have been founded related to liquid milk.
But China's dairy producers face a "crisis of confidence" that will need strong government-led steps to overcome, said Lao Bing, manager of a Shanghai-based dairy investment company.
"How long the industry takes to revive will depend on how vigorous those steps are," he said. "Consumers will start rebuying in a month or two if they feel sure the government is undertaking a vigorous clean-up ... Exports will take longer. This will have a major impact."
PANICKED PARENTS
Panicked parents have crowded China's hospitals and demanded redress since officials and the Sanlu Group, the country's biggest maker of infant milk powder, disclosed the threat.
Sanlu failed to publicly disclose the problem for at least a month, throughout August when Beijing hosted the Olympic Games, officials have said.The government has promised free treatment for stricken children, but some parents said they worried about costs and long-term complications.
Zhou Zhijun, a mother from south China's Hunan province, said she took her wailing, increasingly thin daughter to hospitals at least three times from June to late August before doctors diagnosed a kidney stone.
"All those visits and checks cost 20,000 yuan ($2,920), and I still don't know who will pay for that," she said, adding that her 15-month-old baby had drunk Sanlu milk powder. "Also what if there are complications and problems later? Who'll pay for that?"
Other countries and regions have clamped down on China's milk products. Markets that that have banned or recalled these products include Brunei, Singapore, Malaysia, Japan, Hong Kong and Taiwan.
Even White Rabbit Creamy Candy, a popular Chinese brand of milk sweet, had been contaminated with melamine, Singapore's Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority warned on Sunday.
Over the weekend a three-year-old Hong Kong girl was found to have a kidney stone after drinking a milk product tainted by melamine, making her the territory's first suspected victim.
Premier Wen said that dairy products that passed safety tests would be labeled so that consumers can "be at ease."
But the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture said despairing farmers were dumping milk and killing cattle after companies stopped buying their supplies, according to Xinhua. The ministry promised subsidies to help struggling milk farmers.
(Reporting by Chris Buckley; Editing by Nick Macfie and Alex Richardson)
Even White Rabbit Creamy Candy, a popular Chinese brand of milk sweet, had been contaminated with melamine, Singapore's Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority warned on Sunday.
Over the weekend a three-year-old Hong Kong girl was found to have a kidney stone after drinking a milk product tainted by melamine, making her the territory's first suspected victim.
Premier Wen said that dairy products that passed safety tests would be labeled so that consumers can "be at ease."
But the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture said despairing farmers were dumping milk and killing cattle after companies stopped buying their supplies, according to Xinhua. The ministry promised subsidies to help struggling milk farmers.
(Reporting by Chris Buckley; Editing by Nick Macfie and Alex Richardson)
2008年9月19日星期五
Chinese parents seek answers on tainted baby milk
http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080918.wchinamilk0918/BNStory/International
ANITA CHANG
Associated Press
美联社
September 18, 2008 at 6:45 PM EDT
SHIJIAZHUANG, China — Hundreds of Chinese parents, some cradling infants, converged on the company at the heart of the tainted baby formula scandal Thursday, demanding refunds and asking what they can safely feed their children.
中国,石家庄--周四,许多中国的父母与婴儿聚集在生产受污染奶粉的公司门口,要求赔偿,质问他们如何能够安全的喂养婴儿。
Thousands of others filled hospitals, many hovering over sons and daughters hooked to IVs after drinking milk powder tainted with melamine, a toxic industrial chemical that can cause kidney stones and lead to kidney failure.
医院中有更多人,都喝了被三聚氰胺污染的耐粉,等待医院的检测结果。三聚氰胺是有毒的工业原料,能够引起肾结石和肾脏衰竭。
The scandal highlights the changing family dynamics and economic growth in China.
这一丑闻也放映了中国变化的家庭 活力和中国经济的增长。
A generation ago, women had little choice besides breast-feeding. Now, supermarkets are filled with dozens of brands of baby formula, marketed to women who continue working outside the home even after they give birth.
上一代,女人除了母乳喂养外很少有其他喂养婴儿的选择。而如今,超市中有数千种品牌的婴儿奶粉,使得女性生完小孩后仍能够在外面继续工作。
Yao Haoge, an 11-month-old baby with two large kidney stones, had been drinking Sanlu formula since she was born because both of her parents work.
Yao Haoge ,一个11个月大的小孩用,因为父母都工作,出生后一直喝三鹿奶粉,患有两个较大的肾结石。
They had been puzzled by their little girl's fevers and dark urine, but it never occurred to them that she had kidney stones brought on by her formula.
Now, like many of the babies at the Peace Hospital in Shijiazhuang, Haoge has an IV drip hooked into a vein in her head.
小yao的父母为女儿发烧和黑色尿液而困惑,但是他们都没想到是因为喝了奶粉所引起的肾结石。现在,和石家庄和平医院的其他小孩一样,Haoge也在打点滴。
“We don't make much money, but we wanted to buy good milk powder,” said her father, Yao Weiguan, a day-labourer from a small town an hour's train ride from Shijiazhuang.
小Yao的父亲,Yao Weiguan,是来自于距离石家庄一小时火车的小乡镇,他说:虽然我们没有钱,但是我们也想买好奶粉。
“We thought it was good and now it's given us problems. And we spent quite a bit of money too.”
“我们以为奶粉是好多,但是现在却给我们带来了麻烦。我们也花了很多钱。”
Baby milk powder laced with melamine, used in plastics and fertilizers, has been blamed in the deaths of four babies. More than 6,000 others have been sickened. Some 1,300 babies, mostly newborns, remain hospitalized, with 158 suffering from acute kidney failure.
掺有三聚氰胺的奶粉已经导致四个婴儿死亡。超过6000个小孩患病。大约1200个初生婴儿还在医院,其中158个患有严重的肾衰竭。
Questions continued to swirl Thursday about the handling of the scandal by milk producer Sanlu Group Co. and government officials.
周四,政府官员和三鹿集团如何处置这一奶粉丑闻事件让人们猜测。
The company reportedly received complaints about its formula as early as March and tests revealed the contamination by early August, just before the Olympics. Sanlu went public with a recall on Sept. 11 after its New Zealand stakeholder told the New Zealand government, which then informed the Chinese government.
早在三月,公司就接到关于奶粉问题的报告,八月份检测发现奶粉被污染,也就是在奥运会开幕前。当三鹿集团的新西兰股东把这一问题报告给新西兰政府,而新西兰政府通知中国政府后,三鹿集团才在9月1 1号发布召回。
Melamine has no nutritional value but is high in nitrogen, making products with it appear higher in protein. Suppliers trying to cut costs are believed to have added the toxic chemical to watered-down milk to cover up the resulting protein deficiency.
三聚氰胺没有营养价值,但是含氮量高,使得产品似乎含有较高的蛋白质。人们认为,供应商为了降低把有毒的化学物质添加到奶粉中,弥补蛋白含量不足。
The scandal has not been confined to Sanlu, one of China's best-known and most respected brands, based in this dusty northern Chinese city. The country's quality control watchdog has found that one-fifth of companies producing milk powder in China had melamine in their products.
这一丑闻并不仅限于三鹿集团,这一中国最著名的品牌之一,中国质量监督部门发现五分之一的中国奶粉企业的产品中有三聚氰胺。
“Who do you trust? I don't know. If such a big company is having problems, then I really don't know who to trust,” said a 31-year-old man surnamed Yang, waiting in line outside a Sanlu office to get reimbursed for his 7-month-old daughter's medical exam and kidney ultrasound.
31岁的杨先生,在三鹿办公室门口排队要回他7个月大女儿的医疗检查和肾脏超生费用,:“我们能相信谁呀?我不知道。如果这么大的公司都有问题,我的确不知道我们能想信谁了。"
Mr. Yang, who refused to give his full name, held a bag with a can of Sanlu milk powder he planned to return for a refund. The formula cost $21.60, a significant amount of money for working families in China.
杨先生,带着一包三鹿奶粉,要求退钱。这奶粉价值$21.60,对中国工薪家庭来说是一笔不小的费用。
“What happens if something else goes wrong in the future? Is it just kidney stones? What if there are other problems?” said Yang, whose daughter checked out fine.
杨先生说“将来发生其他问题怎么办呢?只是肾结石吗?有没有其他问题?”
Parents traded tips on which brands were still considered safe after news that products from China's top dairy producers — Mengnu and Yili — were also found to be tainted.
父母亲们都在考虑什么牌子的奶粉是安全的,因为中国最大的奶粉企业孟牛和毅力都出问题了。
“Now we have no idea what kind of milk to give the baby. They all have problems,” said a woman surnamed Wang, the mother of a one-year-old who had been drinking Sanlu formula for two months. “There are ... brands that are okay, but I can't remember the names.”
王女士是一个月大孩子的妈妈。她的孩子和三鹿奶粉两个月了,她说“我现在不知道给孩子吃什么奶粉,他们都有问题。有些牌子没问题,我不记得名字了。”
At a nearby Sanlu processing facility, hundreds of people waited for refunds. Some held a half-empty pouch, while others hauled in cases of the formula. A red banner at the plant declared: “Pay attention to food safety, ensure the public's health.”
在附近的三鹿奶粉厂,许多人都等着赔偿。一些拿着半空的袋子,一些拖着大量的奶粉。厂房上有红色的条幅写着“确保食品安区,保证公众 健康。”
Police in northern China's Hebei province, where Sanlu is based, arrested 12 more people Thursday, bringing the total to 18. Provincial police spokesman Shi Guizhong said six suspects allegedly sold melamine, while the others were accused of adding the chemical to milk.
周四,三鹿所在的中国河北省公安部门,已经拘捕了另外12人,总共达18人了。河北省公安厅发言人 Shi Guizhong六个嫌疑人销售三聚氰胺,其他人把这化学物质添加到奶粉中。
The widening crisis has raised questions about the effectiveness of tighter controls China promised after a series of food safety scares in recent years over contaminated seafood, toothpaste and pet food tainted with melamine. In 2004, more than 200 Chinese infants suffered malnutrition and at least 12 died after being fed phony formula that contained no nutrients.
蔓延的危机让人们质疑中国承诺控制食品安全的有效性。在这些年中国有一系列的食品安全问题包括污染的海鲜,牙膏,添加三聚氰胺的宠物食品。在2004 年,超过200个中国婴儿患营养不良,至少12个死于假冒婴儿食品。
Panicked parents across the country were rushing to hospitals, wondering whether their children had been sickened by their formula.
全国各地惊慌的父母都冲向医院,弄清楚他们的孩子是否因奶粉的病
“I have no choice but to give my son solid foods now even though he still wants the milk formula,” said 26-year-old Wang Yucun, waiting in line at the Beijing Children's Hospital with her 11-month-old, Zexun, who has been drinking Sanlu and Yashili products since birth.
“What I want to know is why the exported milk products and milk products given to Olympic athletes were carefully inspected but the Chinese people suffer with poor quality products,” Ms. Wang said.
“I thought I was buying a quality product because it comes with a government seal of approval. At least that's what I thought until now.”
“我认为我买了质量很好的产品。因为它有政府的安全保证。至少我现在也这么想。”
Comments
评论
Steven Ferguson from Canada writes: While China is a growing economic power, examples like this show that it still has a long way to go. While we know from recent experience that Canadian food can also have health risks, I like to think that the Canadian problems are not caused from willfully adulterating food as has now happened in several Chinese examples. At least Chinese justice is usually swift and severe.
Posted 18/09/08 at 10:10 PM EDT Alert an Editor Link to Comment
加拿大Steven Ferguson写道:虽然中国是经济增长的大国,象这样的例子说明他让需要很长的路要走。从近来的经历看加拿大的食品也有健康危机,但我想加拿大的食品问题并不是由于蓄意添加,不想发生在中国的几个例子那样。至少中国的司法通常是迅速而严厉的。
Art Vandelai from Burlington, Canada writes: Mo Friendly from Edmonton, Canada writes: Capitalism really is a psychopath. I have no qualms with capitalism. It is capitalism that is unchecked by human decency and a sense of responsibility for one's actions that is the problem.
Art Vandelai来自于加拿大写道:资本主义是精神病患者。我对资本主义不感到内疚。资本主义不受人类的准则和个人行为责任的约束才是问题。
It's the same mentality as the folks in the oilsands with the toxins produced there. No sense of responsibility. Everyone from the guys in the mixing room to the purchasing managers to the business owners/shareholders must be held accountable. In a truly free and transparent market they would be. as to your claims...I have no idea if they are verifiable, but nonetheless scary. That is why I advocate a total ban on food importation from China, and much more stringent inspection will be a must to win back our trust.
在oilsand的人生产毒素同样是道德问题。没有责任感。从混合房间的混蛋到销售经理到公司老板都要有责任。 一个真正自由和透明的市场就应该是这样。那就是为什么我提倡完全禁止从中国进口食品。也要采取更加严厉的监管措施。
Posted 18/09/08 at 10:30 PM EDT Alert an Editor Link to Comment
P cheng from ottawa, Canada writes: Art Vandelai from Burlington, Canada writes: as to your claims...I have no idea if they are verifiable, but nonetheless scary. That is why I advocate a total ban on food importation from China, and much more stringent inspection will be a must to win back our trust. ==========>You may be right but it is difficult to do this type of thing. You cannot inspect everything. Anyway, it will take a long time for improting chinese food after this instance.
有可能是正确的,但是这很困难,你不能检查所有的东西。总之,这件事后需要很长时间才会从中国进口食品。
Posted 18/09/08 at 10:34 PM EDT Alert an Editor Link to Comment
His Inca Veil from Toronto, Canada writes: There's a big difference between an errant contamination during normal production processes and a criminally contemplated contamination. In every case of contamination of food imported from China, it has been proven as criminally contemplated and driven by their desire to make illegal profits at the expense of the health of consumers. Here’s a list of U.S. Food & Drug Administration Refusals of Chinese-made products and food during August 2008 that would have otherwise killed thousands of North Americans:http://tinyurl.com/36mg2tNewsflash: Most apple juice made from concentrate and sold in North America is made from apples grown (fertilized and sprayed with chemicals etc) in China. China also supplies approximately 90% of the world's Vitamin 'C' and so-called 'healthfood' bulk ingredients. Remember that when you go shopping, Canada.
Posted 18/09/08 at 10:42 PM EDT Alert an Editor Link to Comment
His Inca Veil from Toronto, Canada writes: P.S. those North American name brand breakfast cereals chock full of freeze-dried fruit pieces? You guessed it - all Product of China. There's no better way to start off your day than by eating fruit that was irrigated with polluted water containing heavy metals and industrial and chemical waste. Their grrrrrrreat!Enjoy your breakfast, Canada ; )
Posted 18/09/08 at 10:54 PM EDT Alert an Editor Link to Comment
harry carnie from Northern, B.C., Canada writes: Springfire..this is an internal (national)problem for the Chinese Government to address.Contaminated food(dog food) and unsafe products imported from China to Canada and the U.S.A.,are mostly the fault of the North American Companies that import these products.Most companies dislike expensive (cheaper in the long haul though) safety inspections that our governments enforce.When goods are manufactured in China.(by North American Companies).China allows the companies to monitor their own manufacturing processes.Quality, and product safety ,is the responsibilityof the companies who import these goods.Product safety should be established BEFORE THE GOODS ARE SHIPPED TO NORTH AMERICA....When unsafe products are ALLOWED TO BE SOLD IN CANADIAN AND AMERICAN STORES.THIS IS NOT ACCEPTABLE,The companies then blame China for the problem.The idiot "China Bashers" join in.China is now allowing unfettered Capitalism(Grand is it not?)It is the unfettered greed of our North American companies that is at fault here..NOTHING ELSE.
Posted 18/09/08 at 11:03 PM EDT Alert an Editor Link to Comment
L Chang from Ontario, Canada writes: Some posters on this board were so eager to condemn China of their food problem while the same posters did not give a damn on our own food recalls that have recently killed or harmed our citizens. The Listeria problem was uncovered beginning of August and it took weeks to understand the extent of the food problem and the necessary recalls of many by-products affected. One also has to wonder why there was no sample testing before shipping. There are other posters on this board that kept changing their names and bashed China every chance they got. They would swear that they don’t use products from China while they are typing with the Chinese made keyboard, and shopping at dollar store and complain about the low quality of the products. Typically in every posting they would drag in the pet and the toy recalls and the pollution as if we do not pollute our own with our huge oil sand projects or our poor magnet design resulting in choking and killing our kids. There are always bad apples in every country that will do anything for a buck. These people are not limited to the poor or the uneducated but also the filthy rich people and enterprises that turn a blind eye when it is cost benefit to do so. These enterprises (local and/or multi-national) make the most profit with minimum accountability, and take advantage of the lower or incomplete standards of the developing countries, fully aware that lives worth must less and compensations are peanuts compared to the cost of needed quality control in developing countries. In this case, I think severe punishment should be handed out to all parties involved, whether it is criminal action or inaction (fail to report promptly).
Posted 19/09/08 at 12:29 AM EDT Alert an Editor Link to Comment
J R from Canada writes: B Lam from Canada writes: daniel mcardle from San Francisco, United States writes: My question is, why are we dealing with a communist country in the first place? The Chinese have shown themselvs to be liars, thieves, and downright criminals!
J R 是个极.端分子。_______________________Criminal are everywhere, not limited to China. Try Google tainted rice, Japan, you will be surprised. ____and when an article on tainted rice in japan comes along we'll comment on and criticize japan. this article is about china, not japan, canada, the US - but china. got it? stop trying to deflect/reduce the seriousness of this crime by saying "oh it happens everywhere else too."
Posted 19/09/08 at 12:38 AM EDT Alert an Editor Link to Comment
J R from Canada writes: L Chang from Ontario, Canada writes: Some posters on this board were so eager to condemn China of their food problem while the same posters did not give a damn on our own food recalls that have recently killed or harmed our citizens._____Oh poor china! No other country or government ever gets criticized on these forums, do they? Have you bothered to read any of the stories on the listeriosis outbreak? There was plenty of criticism of the Canadian government reaction to it, but you have such an ingrained "China's always the victim" mentality that you cant see that.
Posted 19/09/08 at 12:42 AM EDT Alert an Editor Link to Comment
L Chang from Ontario, Canada writes: JR from Canada: You are free to criticize and I am free to comment on what I saw. Got it? Don't like it, too bad for you. You have such an ingrained "China's always the evil" mentality that you cant see that. Poor JR.
Posted 19/09/08 at 1:28 AM EDT Alert an Editor Link to Comment
L Chang from Ontario, Canada writes: His IncaVeil from Toronto: Another new name? His Inca Veil aka Civilian She A, Clive Hi Sin, Chain Veil Is, As Inch Live I, Censorship Fodder, Civil Shine, StopChina, BoycottChina and the utterly disgusting 'YellowScourge'? Another cut and paste again in your tinyurl this time? Have you not learned from last time when it was discovered that you cut and paste a picture of a Korean woman burning a dog from another website and claimed she is Chinese? Grow up! This article is about contaminated milk product. Got it? Go and get some lecture from JR.
Posted 19/09/08 at 1:43 AM EDT Alert an Editor Link to Comment
Mary Smith from United States writes: And yet, people jumped all over the Olympic athletes who questioned the food they would be eating in China.
ANITA CHANG
Associated Press
美联社
September 18, 2008 at 6:45 PM EDT
SHIJIAZHUANG, China — Hundreds of Chinese parents, some cradling infants, converged on the company at the heart of the tainted baby formula scandal Thursday, demanding refunds and asking what they can safely feed their children.
中国,石家庄--周四,许多中国的父母与婴儿聚集在生产受污染奶粉的公司门口,要求赔偿,质问他们如何能够安全的喂养婴儿。
Thousands of others filled hospitals, many hovering over sons and daughters hooked to IVs after drinking milk powder tainted with melamine, a toxic industrial chemical that can cause kidney stones and lead to kidney failure.
医院中有更多人,都喝了被三聚氰胺污染的耐粉,等待医院的检测结果。三聚氰胺是有毒的工业原料,能够引起肾结石和肾脏衰竭。
The scandal highlights the changing family dynamics and economic growth in China.
这一丑闻也放映了中国变化的家庭 活力和中国经济的增长。
A generation ago, women had little choice besides breast-feeding. Now, supermarkets are filled with dozens of brands of baby formula, marketed to women who continue working outside the home even after they give birth.
上一代,女人除了母乳喂养外很少有其他喂养婴儿的选择。而如今,超市中有数千种品牌的婴儿奶粉,使得女性生完小孩后仍能够在外面继续工作。
Yao Haoge, an 11-month-old baby with two large kidney stones, had been drinking Sanlu formula since she was born because both of her parents work.
Yao Haoge ,一个11个月大的小孩用,因为父母都工作,出生后一直喝三鹿奶粉,患有两个较大的肾结石。
They had been puzzled by their little girl's fevers and dark urine, but it never occurred to them that she had kidney stones brought on by her formula.
Now, like many of the babies at the Peace Hospital in Shijiazhuang, Haoge has an IV drip hooked into a vein in her head.
小yao的父母为女儿发烧和黑色尿液而困惑,但是他们都没想到是因为喝了奶粉所引起的肾结石。现在,和石家庄和平医院的其他小孩一样,Haoge也在打点滴。
“We don't make much money, but we wanted to buy good milk powder,” said her father, Yao Weiguan, a day-labourer from a small town an hour's train ride from Shijiazhuang.
小Yao的父亲,Yao Weiguan,是来自于距离石家庄一小时火车的小乡镇,他说:虽然我们没有钱,但是我们也想买好奶粉。
“We thought it was good and now it's given us problems. And we spent quite a bit of money too.”
“我们以为奶粉是好多,但是现在却给我们带来了麻烦。我们也花了很多钱。”
Baby milk powder laced with melamine, used in plastics and fertilizers, has been blamed in the deaths of four babies. More than 6,000 others have been sickened. Some 1,300 babies, mostly newborns, remain hospitalized, with 158 suffering from acute kidney failure.
掺有三聚氰胺的奶粉已经导致四个婴儿死亡。超过6000个小孩患病。大约1200个初生婴儿还在医院,其中158个患有严重的肾衰竭。
Questions continued to swirl Thursday about the handling of the scandal by milk producer Sanlu Group Co. and government officials.
周四,政府官员和三鹿集团如何处置这一奶粉丑闻事件让人们猜测。
The company reportedly received complaints about its formula as early as March and tests revealed the contamination by early August, just before the Olympics. Sanlu went public with a recall on Sept. 11 after its New Zealand stakeholder told the New Zealand government, which then informed the Chinese government.
早在三月,公司就接到关于奶粉问题的报告,八月份检测发现奶粉被污染,也就是在奥运会开幕前。当三鹿集团的新西兰股东把这一问题报告给新西兰政府,而新西兰政府通知中国政府后,三鹿集团才在9月1 1号发布召回。
Melamine has no nutritional value but is high in nitrogen, making products with it appear higher in protein. Suppliers trying to cut costs are believed to have added the toxic chemical to watered-down milk to cover up the resulting protein deficiency.
三聚氰胺没有营养价值,但是含氮量高,使得产品似乎含有较高的蛋白质。人们认为,供应商为了降低把有毒的化学物质添加到奶粉中,弥补蛋白含量不足。
The scandal has not been confined to Sanlu, one of China's best-known and most respected brands, based in this dusty northern Chinese city. The country's quality control watchdog has found that one-fifth of companies producing milk powder in China had melamine in their products.
这一丑闻并不仅限于三鹿集团,这一中国最著名的品牌之一,中国质量监督部门发现五分之一的中国奶粉企业的产品中有三聚氰胺。
“Who do you trust? I don't know. If such a big company is having problems, then I really don't know who to trust,” said a 31-year-old man surnamed Yang, waiting in line outside a Sanlu office to get reimbursed for his 7-month-old daughter's medical exam and kidney ultrasound.
31岁的杨先生,在三鹿办公室门口排队要回他7个月大女儿的医疗检查和肾脏超生费用,:“我们能相信谁呀?我不知道。如果这么大的公司都有问题,我的确不知道我们能想信谁了。"
Mr. Yang, who refused to give his full name, held a bag with a can of Sanlu milk powder he planned to return for a refund. The formula cost $21.60, a significant amount of money for working families in China.
杨先生,带着一包三鹿奶粉,要求退钱。这奶粉价值$21.60,对中国工薪家庭来说是一笔不小的费用。
“What happens if something else goes wrong in the future? Is it just kidney stones? What if there are other problems?” said Yang, whose daughter checked out fine.
杨先生说“将来发生其他问题怎么办呢?只是肾结石吗?有没有其他问题?”
Parents traded tips on which brands were still considered safe after news that products from China's top dairy producers — Mengnu and Yili — were also found to be tainted.
父母亲们都在考虑什么牌子的奶粉是安全的,因为中国最大的奶粉企业孟牛和毅力都出问题了。
“Now we have no idea what kind of milk to give the baby. They all have problems,” said a woman surnamed Wang, the mother of a one-year-old who had been drinking Sanlu formula for two months. “There are ... brands that are okay, but I can't remember the names.”
王女士是一个月大孩子的妈妈。她的孩子和三鹿奶粉两个月了,她说“我现在不知道给孩子吃什么奶粉,他们都有问题。有些牌子没问题,我不记得名字了。”
At a nearby Sanlu processing facility, hundreds of people waited for refunds. Some held a half-empty pouch, while others hauled in cases of the formula. A red banner at the plant declared: “Pay attention to food safety, ensure the public's health.”
在附近的三鹿奶粉厂,许多人都等着赔偿。一些拿着半空的袋子,一些拖着大量的奶粉。厂房上有红色的条幅写着“确保食品安区,保证公众 健康。”
Police in northern China's Hebei province, where Sanlu is based, arrested 12 more people Thursday, bringing the total to 18. Provincial police spokesman Shi Guizhong said six suspects allegedly sold melamine, while the others were accused of adding the chemical to milk.
周四,三鹿所在的中国河北省公安部门,已经拘捕了另外12人,总共达18人了。河北省公安厅发言人 Shi Guizhong六个嫌疑人销售三聚氰胺,其他人把这化学物质添加到奶粉中。
The widening crisis has raised questions about the effectiveness of tighter controls China promised after a series of food safety scares in recent years over contaminated seafood, toothpaste and pet food tainted with melamine. In 2004, more than 200 Chinese infants suffered malnutrition and at least 12 died after being fed phony formula that contained no nutrients.
蔓延的危机让人们质疑中国承诺控制食品安全的有效性。在这些年中国有一系列的食品安全问题包括污染的海鲜,牙膏,添加三聚氰胺的宠物食品。在2004 年,超过200个中国婴儿患营养不良,至少12个死于假冒婴儿食品。
Panicked parents across the country were rushing to hospitals, wondering whether their children had been sickened by their formula.
全国各地惊慌的父母都冲向医院,弄清楚他们的孩子是否因奶粉的病
“I have no choice but to give my son solid foods now even though he still wants the milk formula,” said 26-year-old Wang Yucun, waiting in line at the Beijing Children's Hospital with her 11-month-old, Zexun, who has been drinking Sanlu and Yashili products since birth.
“What I want to know is why the exported milk products and milk products given to Olympic athletes were carefully inspected but the Chinese people suffer with poor quality products,” Ms. Wang said.
“I thought I was buying a quality product because it comes with a government seal of approval. At least that's what I thought until now.”
“我认为我买了质量很好的产品。因为它有政府的安全保证。至少我现在也这么想。”
Comments
评论
Steven Ferguson from Canada writes: While China is a growing economic power, examples like this show that it still has a long way to go. While we know from recent experience that Canadian food can also have health risks, I like to think that the Canadian problems are not caused from willfully adulterating food as has now happened in several Chinese examples. At least Chinese justice is usually swift and severe.
Posted 18/09/08 at 10:10 PM EDT Alert an Editor Link to Comment
加拿大Steven Ferguson写道:虽然中国是经济增长的大国,象这样的例子说明他让需要很长的路要走。从近来的经历看加拿大的食品也有健康危机,但我想加拿大的食品问题并不是由于蓄意添加,不想发生在中国的几个例子那样。至少中国的司法通常是迅速而严厉的。
Art Vandelai from Burlington, Canada writes: Mo Friendly from Edmonton, Canada writes: Capitalism really is a psychopath. I have no qualms with capitalism. It is capitalism that is unchecked by human decency and a sense of responsibility for one's actions that is the problem.
Art Vandelai来自于加拿大写道:资本主义是精神病患者。我对资本主义不感到内疚。资本主义不受人类的准则和个人行为责任的约束才是问题。
It's the same mentality as the folks in the oilsands with the toxins produced there. No sense of responsibility. Everyone from the guys in the mixing room to the purchasing managers to the business owners/shareholders must be held accountable. In a truly free and transparent market they would be. as to your claims...I have no idea if they are verifiable, but nonetheless scary. That is why I advocate a total ban on food importation from China, and much more stringent inspection will be a must to win back our trust.
在oilsand的人生产毒素同样是道德问题。没有责任感。从混合房间的混蛋到销售经理到公司老板都要有责任。 一个真正自由和透明的市场就应该是这样。那就是为什么我提倡完全禁止从中国进口食品。也要采取更加严厉的监管措施。
Posted 18/09/08 at 10:30 PM EDT Alert an Editor Link to Comment
P cheng from ottawa, Canada writes: Art Vandelai from Burlington, Canada writes: as to your claims...I have no idea if they are verifiable, but nonetheless scary. That is why I advocate a total ban on food importation from China, and much more stringent inspection will be a must to win back our trust. ==========>You may be right but it is difficult to do this type of thing. You cannot inspect everything. Anyway, it will take a long time for improting chinese food after this instance.
有可能是正确的,但是这很困难,你不能检查所有的东西。总之,这件事后需要很长时间才会从中国进口食品。
Posted 18/09/08 at 10:34 PM EDT Alert an Editor Link to Comment
His Inca Veil from Toronto, Canada writes: There's a big difference between an errant contamination during normal production processes and a criminally contemplated contamination. In every case of contamination of food imported from China, it has been proven as criminally contemplated and driven by their desire to make illegal profits at the expense of the health of consumers. Here’s a list of U.S. Food & Drug Administration Refusals of Chinese-made products and food during August 2008 that would have otherwise killed thousands of North Americans:http://tinyurl.com/36mg2tNewsflash: Most apple juice made from concentrate and sold in North America is made from apples grown (fertilized and sprayed with chemicals etc) in China. China also supplies approximately 90% of the world's Vitamin 'C' and so-called 'healthfood' bulk ingredients. Remember that when you go shopping, Canada.
Posted 18/09/08 at 10:42 PM EDT Alert an Editor Link to Comment
His Inca Veil from Toronto, Canada writes: P.S. those North American name brand breakfast cereals chock full of freeze-dried fruit pieces? You guessed it - all Product of China. There's no better way to start off your day than by eating fruit that was irrigated with polluted water containing heavy metals and industrial and chemical waste. Their grrrrrrreat!Enjoy your breakfast, Canada ; )
Posted 18/09/08 at 10:54 PM EDT Alert an Editor Link to Comment
harry carnie from Northern, B.C., Canada writes: Springfire..this is an internal (national)problem for the Chinese Government to address.Contaminated food(dog food) and unsafe products imported from China to Canada and the U.S.A.,are mostly the fault of the North American Companies that import these products.Most companies dislike expensive (cheaper in the long haul though) safety inspections that our governments enforce.When goods are manufactured in China.(by North American Companies).China allows the companies to monitor their own manufacturing processes.Quality, and product safety ,is the responsibilityof the companies who import these goods.Product safety should be established BEFORE THE GOODS ARE SHIPPED TO NORTH AMERICA....When unsafe products are ALLOWED TO BE SOLD IN CANADIAN AND AMERICAN STORES.THIS IS NOT ACCEPTABLE,The companies then blame China for the problem.The idiot "China Bashers" join in.China is now allowing unfettered Capitalism(Grand is it not?)It is the unfettered greed of our North American companies that is at fault here..NOTHING ELSE.
Posted 18/09/08 at 11:03 PM EDT Alert an Editor Link to Comment
L Chang from Ontario, Canada writes: Some posters on this board were so eager to condemn China of their food problem while the same posters did not give a damn on our own food recalls that have recently killed or harmed our citizens. The Listeria problem was uncovered beginning of August and it took weeks to understand the extent of the food problem and the necessary recalls of many by-products affected. One also has to wonder why there was no sample testing before shipping. There are other posters on this board that kept changing their names and bashed China every chance they got. They would swear that they don’t use products from China while they are typing with the Chinese made keyboard, and shopping at dollar store and complain about the low quality of the products. Typically in every posting they would drag in the pet and the toy recalls and the pollution as if we do not pollute our own with our huge oil sand projects or our poor magnet design resulting in choking and killing our kids. There are always bad apples in every country that will do anything for a buck. These people are not limited to the poor or the uneducated but also the filthy rich people and enterprises that turn a blind eye when it is cost benefit to do so. These enterprises (local and/or multi-national) make the most profit with minimum accountability, and take advantage of the lower or incomplete standards of the developing countries, fully aware that lives worth must less and compensations are peanuts compared to the cost of needed quality control in developing countries. In this case, I think severe punishment should be handed out to all parties involved, whether it is criminal action or inaction (fail to report promptly).
Posted 19/09/08 at 12:29 AM EDT Alert an Editor Link to Comment
J R from Canada writes: B Lam from Canada writes: daniel mcardle from San Francisco, United States writes: My question is, why are we dealing with a communist country in the first place? The Chinese have shown themselvs to be liars, thieves, and downright criminals!
J R 是个极.端分子。_______________________Criminal are everywhere, not limited to China. Try Google tainted rice, Japan, you will be surprised. ____and when an article on tainted rice in japan comes along we'll comment on and criticize japan. this article is about china, not japan, canada, the US - but china. got it? stop trying to deflect/reduce the seriousness of this crime by saying "oh it happens everywhere else too."
Posted 19/09/08 at 12:38 AM EDT Alert an Editor Link to Comment
J R from Canada writes: L Chang from Ontario, Canada writes: Some posters on this board were so eager to condemn China of their food problem while the same posters did not give a damn on our own food recalls that have recently killed or harmed our citizens._____Oh poor china! No other country or government ever gets criticized on these forums, do they? Have you bothered to read any of the stories on the listeriosis outbreak? There was plenty of criticism of the Canadian government reaction to it, but you have such an ingrained "China's always the victim" mentality that you cant see that.
Posted 19/09/08 at 12:42 AM EDT Alert an Editor Link to Comment
L Chang from Ontario, Canada writes: JR from Canada: You are free to criticize and I am free to comment on what I saw. Got it? Don't like it, too bad for you. You have such an ingrained "China's always the evil" mentality that you cant see that. Poor JR.
Posted 19/09/08 at 1:28 AM EDT Alert an Editor Link to Comment
L Chang from Ontario, Canada writes: His IncaVeil from Toronto: Another new name? His Inca Veil aka Civilian She A, Clive Hi Sin, Chain Veil Is, As Inch Live I, Censorship Fodder, Civil Shine, StopChina, BoycottChina and the utterly disgusting 'YellowScourge'? Another cut and paste again in your tinyurl this time? Have you not learned from last time when it was discovered that you cut and paste a picture of a Korean woman burning a dog from another website and claimed she is Chinese? Grow up! This article is about contaminated milk product. Got it? Go and get some lecture from JR.
Posted 19/09/08 at 1:43 AM EDT Alert an Editor Link to Comment
Mary Smith from United States writes: And yet, people jumped all over the Olympic athletes who questioned the food they would be eating in China.
Tainted Milk Kills 4 Babies in China
Tainted Milk Kills 4 Babies in China
China's Tainted Milk Scandal Leaves Another Baby Dead, and Many Unanswered Questions
By BETH LOYDBEIJING, Sept. 18, 2008
http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=5831101&page=1
A fourth baby has died in China after developing kidney stones as a result of drinking Sanlu milk powder containing the chemical melamine, used in making plastics, that was added to formula to make it appear to have more protein.
The deaths have reached across this vast country of 1.3 billion people, the latest coming in China's Xinjiang Autonomous Region.
The China Health Ministry says more than 6,000 babies were sickened after drinking the formula, and the number is likely to rise. The government has made a big push to prevent more deaths, but many questions remain unanswered and parents are angry and fearful.
The first cases of kidney stones were reported to local officials back in March.
Last week the Sanlu Group, the largest and most profitable milk powder producer in China, issued an immediate recall of milk formula made before Aug. 6, in the first publicly announced recall.
But officials in China's Health Ministry have said Sanlu knew about the problem six weeks earlier and delayed warning the public. And as early as July, a local TV channel in Hunan reported an unusually high number of infant kidney stone patients
abc消息
中国4个婴儿受污染的奶粉致死
中国"污染奶粉门"导致另一个婴儿死亡,同时还有许多期待澄清的问题
BY BETH LOYD2008/9/18 北京
在中国,第四个因为喝了含有三聚氰胺的三鹿奶粉患肾结石的婴儿死亡。三聚氰胺主要用于制造塑料,却被用于添加到奶粉中以提高蛋白质含量。这一死亡案例在这个13亿的大国迅速传播,最新的消息来自于中国新疆自治区。中国卫生部称超过6000个婴儿喝了这种配方的奶粉后患病,这个数字还要增加。
尽管政府尽力避免更多的死亡,但是许多问题还没有澄清,孩子的父母们愤怒有恐惧.
三月,官方接到第一例肾结石病例的报告。
上周,作为中国最大最赚钱的的奶粉制造商,三鹿集团声明召回8月6号之前生产的奶粉,这也是第一次公开发布召回。中国卫生部称三鹿早在六周前就知道这个问题,却延迟公告于百姓。早在7月湖南一家地方电视台报道了感染肾结石病人的数目异常高。
China's Tainted Milk Scandal Leaves Another Baby Dead, and Many Unanswered Questions
By BETH LOYDBEIJING, Sept. 18, 2008
http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=5831101&page=1
A fourth baby has died in China after developing kidney stones as a result of drinking Sanlu milk powder containing the chemical melamine, used in making plastics, that was added to formula to make it appear to have more protein.
The deaths have reached across this vast country of 1.3 billion people, the latest coming in China's Xinjiang Autonomous Region.
The China Health Ministry says more than 6,000 babies were sickened after drinking the formula, and the number is likely to rise. The government has made a big push to prevent more deaths, but many questions remain unanswered and parents are angry and fearful.
The first cases of kidney stones were reported to local officials back in March.
Last week the Sanlu Group, the largest and most profitable milk powder producer in China, issued an immediate recall of milk formula made before Aug. 6, in the first publicly announced recall.
But officials in China's Health Ministry have said Sanlu knew about the problem six weeks earlier and delayed warning the public. And as early as July, a local TV channel in Hunan reported an unusually high number of infant kidney stone patients
abc消息
中国4个婴儿受污染的奶粉致死
中国"污染奶粉门"导致另一个婴儿死亡,同时还有许多期待澄清的问题
BY BETH LOYD2008/9/18 北京
在中国,第四个因为喝了含有三聚氰胺的三鹿奶粉患肾结石的婴儿死亡。三聚氰胺主要用于制造塑料,却被用于添加到奶粉中以提高蛋白质含量。这一死亡案例在这个13亿的大国迅速传播,最新的消息来自于中国新疆自治区。中国卫生部称超过6000个婴儿喝了这种配方的奶粉后患病,这个数字还要增加。
尽管政府尽力避免更多的死亡,但是许多问题还没有澄清,孩子的父母们愤怒有恐惧.
三月,官方接到第一例肾结石病例的报告。
上周,作为中国最大最赚钱的的奶粉制造商,三鹿集团声明召回8月6号之前生产的奶粉,这也是第一次公开发布召回。中国卫生部称三鹿早在六周前就知道这个问题,却延迟公告于百姓。早在7月湖南一家地方电视台报道了感染肾结石病人的数目异常高。
2008年9月18日星期四
代谢工程(Metabolic Engineering)在运动发酵单胞菌中(Zymomonas mobilis)的应用
代谢工程在运动发酵单胞菌中的应用
化石燃料的价格不断上涨与储存减少,CO2引起的温室效应,环境保护与可持续发展等这些问题,促使人们寻求一种环境友好的可再生能源。生物乙醇作为一种可再生的能源越来越受到人们的关注。但是,从淀粉等原来生产得乙醇不能满足作为燃料的需求,只有扩大原料范围,从玉米秆等纤维质原料发酵生产乙醇,才能够可持续的发展生物乙醇产业。从纤维素原料水解液发酵生产乙醇对代谢工程及工程菌来说是一个大的挑战[1-3]。纤维素原料经过预处理,酶水解之后,水解液中有葡萄糖,木糖,阿拉伯糖,以及其他降解产物等,为了发酵过程的经济性,需要能够有效共发酵这些糖的微生物。目前发现的微生物不能够有效的共发酵己糖和戊糖。代谢工程定义为通过重组DNA技术,对特定的生化反应进行有目的的修饰或引入新的路径,从而提高目的产物的形成。代谢工程一个基本的应用就是拓宽微生物的基质范围[4],这正是纤维素乙醇发酵菌株所面临的问题。代谢工程重组的大肠杆菌,酿酒酵母,运动发酵单胞菌能够共发酵己糖和戊糖,这是现在研究评估较多的三种共发酵工程菌。运动发酵单胞菌以其独特的发酵机理和发酵性能[5-6],被美国国家可再生能源实验室(NREL)选做发酵纤维素水解液的菌株,并被用于其合作伙伴杜邦公司(Dupont)商业化纤维素乙醇生产。
1. 运动发酵单胞菌代谢葡萄糖的ED路径
运动发酵单胞菌属微好氧菌,能够在厌氧条件下通过ED途径代谢葡萄糖,生产乙醇。但是ED途径大多是严格好氧的微生物如嗜糖假单胞菌的代谢路径,这正是运动发酵单胞菌发酵的独特之处。
化石燃料的价格不断上涨与储存减少,CO2引起的温室效应,环境保护与可持续发展等这些问题,促使人们寻求一种环境友好的可再生能源。生物乙醇作为一种可再生的能源越来越受到人们的关注。但是,从淀粉等原来生产得乙醇不能满足作为燃料的需求,只有扩大原料范围,从玉米秆等纤维质原料发酵生产乙醇,才能够可持续的发展生物乙醇产业。从纤维素原料水解液发酵生产乙醇对代谢工程及工程菌来说是一个大的挑战[1-3]。纤维素原料经过预处理,酶水解之后,水解液中有葡萄糖,木糖,阿拉伯糖,以及其他降解产物等,为了发酵过程的经济性,需要能够有效共发酵这些糖的微生物。目前发现的微生物不能够有效的共发酵己糖和戊糖。代谢工程定义为通过重组DNA技术,对特定的生化反应进行有目的的修饰或引入新的路径,从而提高目的产物的形成。代谢工程一个基本的应用就是拓宽微生物的基质范围[4],这正是纤维素乙醇发酵菌株所面临的问题。代谢工程重组的大肠杆菌,酿酒酵母,运动发酵单胞菌能够共发酵己糖和戊糖,这是现在研究评估较多的三种共发酵工程菌。运动发酵单胞菌以其独特的发酵机理和发酵性能[5-6],被美国国家可再生能源实验室(NREL)选做发酵纤维素水解液的菌株,并被用于其合作伙伴杜邦公司(Dupont)商业化纤维素乙醇生产。
1. 运动发酵单胞菌代谢葡萄糖的ED路径
运动发酵单胞菌属微好氧菌,能够在厌氧条件下通过ED途径代谢葡萄糖,生产乙醇。但是ED途径大多是严格好氧的微生物如嗜糖假单胞菌的代谢路径,这正是运动发酵单胞菌发酵的独特之处。
图.1 运动发酵单胞菌的ED途径[8]
Stern等通过放射性呼吸方法验证了运动发酵单胞菌缺乏TCA循环途径,葡萄糖只能经过ED途径代谢,实验发现C-1迅速而且完全转化成CO2,这表明由葡萄糖生成的丙酮酸已经脱羧;同时发现C-2 和C-6的CO2几乎没有,这表明丙酮酸脱羧产物没有进一步被氧化[7]。运动发酵单胞菌通过ED途径将1mol葡萄糖转化为2mol乙醇,产生1mol ATP,不像酵母发酵所利用的EMP糖酵解途径,1mol葡萄糖转化成乙醇要生成2mol ATP。运动发酵单胞菌其低的ATP得率导致生成低的生物量及潜在的高的乙醇的得率。正如图1所示,ED途径源自氧化磷酸戊糖途径(HMP)生成NADPH这一步。葡萄糖在ATP与磷酸转移酶作用下生成葡萄糖-6-P,这一步可以与EMP途径相连接。葡萄糖-6-磷酸在氧化还原酶作用下生成葡萄糖1,5-内酯-6-磷酸 ,再在葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶催化下生成6-磷酸-葡糖酸,这一步可以与(HMP)相连接。代谢流从非氧化HMP发生了关键的转移即在6-磷酸-葡糖酸脱水酶作用下6-磷酸-葡糖酸生成2-酮-3-脱氢-6-磷酸葡糖酸(KDPG),在KDPG醛缩酶生成3-磷酸甘油醛和丙酮酸。3-磷酸甘油醛在Pi,ADP,与NAD+作用下(EMP),转化为丙酮酸,生成2分子ATP 和1分子的NADH+H+ ;最后丙酮酸脱羧生成2分子的乙醇和CO2。在运动发酵单胞菌中解码6-磷酸-葡糖酸脱水酶蛋白的基因包含在一个6Kb的基因簇里,该簇里其他基因也用于葡萄糖代谢。但是,这一脱水酶在其他细菌里也存在,所以说运动发酵单胞菌能够发酵葡萄糖产乙醇不单是因为存在这个酶。运动发酵单胞菌中编码含有糖酵解途径酶的所有基因,缺失磷酸果糖激酶,因而糖酵解途径就不能进行。运动发酵单胞菌没有酮戊二酸脱氢酶,苹果酸脱氢酶,使其只有不完整的TCA途径,这不影响氨基酸的合成,但是限制了ATP的合成。运动发酵单胞菌也缺失大多数硫酸戊糖途径的基因,这限制了其它糖的代谢,这也提供了为其增加木糖与阿拉伯糖代谢路径的机会[8]
2.戊糖代谢在运动发酵单胞菌中的构建
2.1 木糖在运动发酵单胞菌中的代谢
ZHANG等[9]将戊糖吸收及磷酸戊糖途径基因表达在运动发酵单胞菌中,拓宽了运动发酵单胞菌的基质范围。在用运动发酵单胞菌中表达了大肠杆菌中的木糖异构酶基因(xylA)、木酮糖激酶基因(xylB)、转醛酶基因(ta1)、转酮酶基因(tktA)。将这4个基因分2组(xylA和xym,tal和tktA),组成2个操纵子,分别置于运动发酵单胞菌自身的3-P-甘油醛脱氢酶启动子和烯醇酶启动子下,并将这2个操纵子构建成1个质粒,含有这种质粒的运动发酵单胞菌可以发酵木糖产生乙醇。在CP4(pZB5)中木糖在木糖异构酶的催化下转化为木酮糖,木酮糖激酶的作用下得到木酮糖-5-磷酸,然后再在转酮糖酶催化下生成3-磷酸甘油醛;转醛糖酶催化下生成4-磷酸赤藓糖与6-磷酸果糖;4-磷酸赤藓糖 再转化为3-磷酸甘油醛;6-磷酸果糖 转化为ED途径中6-磷酸葡萄糖,3-磷酸甘油醛也进入ED途径,最终生成乙醇与CO2。代谢己糖和木糖产生乙醇的总反应式:
Glucose+ADP+Pi 2Ethanol+2CO2+ATP
3Xylose+3ADP+3Pi 5Ethanol+5CO2+3ATP
通过这个反应式可以计算理论上消耗每克木糖获得0.51g乙醇。在这个新的代谢路径中,即HMP与ED相关联的途径,消耗3mol木糖获得得ATP比传统的木糖通过HMP与EMP相结合得途径要少2molATP。因为用于生物量合成的基质很少,木糖在运动发酵单胞菌产乙醇的能力比其它已知微生物效率更高。
CP4(pZB5)质粒构建及重组质粒转化包括:木糖异构酶和木酮糖激酶的分离并熔合到
3-P-甘油醛脱氢酶(GAP)启动子上,转醛酶和转酮酶基因的分离并熔合到烯醇酶(ENO)启动子上;穿梭载体的构建和木糖吸收及磷酸戊糖途径转换化运动发酵单胞菌
图.2 重组运动发酵单胞菌中的戊糖代谢与ED途径 图.3 Pgap-/xylA/xylB, Peno-tal/tktA操纵子和质粒pZB5
2.2 阿拉伯糖在运动发酵单胞菌中的代谢
戊糖代谢路径在运动发酵单胞菌中成功构建后,美国可在生能源实验室(NREL)研究者通过基因工程在运动发酵单胞菌表达相关基因,使阿拉伯糖也能够成功被代谢[10]。通过表达从大肠杆菌中分离的五个基因,阿拉伯糖异构酶(araA),核酮糖激酶(araB), L-核酮糖-5-磷酸-4-差向异构酶(araD), 转醛醇酶(talB), 转酮醇酶(tktA),放在特定的启动子下面使其可以在葡萄糖存在下表达。阿拉伯糖在异构酶催化转化为核酮糖,核酮糖在核酮糖激酶作用下转化为5-磷酸核酮糖,再在L-核酮糖-5-磷酸-4-差向异构酶催化下生成5-磷酸木酮糖,最后经过转醛醇酶,转酮醇酶,以6-磷酸果糖,3-磷酸甘油醛的形式进入ED途径,生成乙醇和CO2。该基因工程菌株能够以阿拉伯糖为唯一碳源的培养基上生长,获得理论值98%的乙醇,这表明阿拉伯躺绝大多数都转化用于生成乙醇。通过磷酸戊糖途径HMP与ED途径的结合,阿拉伯糖获得了有效的发酵。通过引入阿拉伯糖吸收基因和磷酸戊糖途径的非氧化部分,使得阿拉伯糖的代谢与ED途径有效的关联。在发酵反应中3mol 阿拉伯糖转化为5mol乙醇:
3 L-arabinose+3ADP+ 3 Pi . 5ethanol+ 5CO2 +3ATP+3H2O
每克阿拉伯糖生成0.51g乙醇,在这个新的代谢路径中,消耗3mol阿拉伯糖获得ATP比传统的阿拉伯糖通过HMP与EMP相结合的途径要少2molATP ,这与木糖发酵的能量效率一样。在葡萄糖和阿拉伯糖共存的培养基中,阿拉伯糖的利用速率要慢的多,几乎要到葡萄糖耗尽才能利用阿拉伯糖。而对于葡萄糖和木糖糖混合的培养基,虽然木糖利用速率要慢于葡萄糖,但是它们是同时利用的。因此,运动发酵单胞菌中的糖吸收系统比较有利用葡萄糖,必须进一步提高木糖及阿拉伯糖的吸收能力,这样才有利于把重组的运动发酵单胞菌用于发酵纤维素水解液。
图.4 重组运动发酵单胞菌中的阿拉伯糖代谢路径 图.5 含有阿拉伯糖吸收及磷酸戊糖路径基因的质粒pZB206
3.运动发酵单胞菌代谢通量分析及戊糖发酵优化
3.1 线性规划分析重组运动发酵单胞菌代谢能力
Tsantili 等[11]构建了重组运动发酵单胞菌的代谢网络,使其可以利用代谢工程的方法模型化。利用线性规划,分析和确定了不同生物目的代谢边界,边界的确定主要是通过运动发酵单胞菌的化学计量的连接性。研究揭露了该细菌生长反应的本质,阐明代谢路径的相互关系,特别是产物与副产物形成之间,也指出乙醇的生成和生物量的形成直接依赖于厌氧呼吸的化学计量与活性。因此,为了能过通过改进特定基因优化运动发酵胞菌,我们必须进一步理解和分析运动发酵单胞菌的厌氧呼吸和氧化还原势。运用线性规划分析运动发酵单胞菌的生理学,可以从化学反应连接性来确定影响特定生物合成目的的主要因素。
图.6 用于线性规划重建的运动发酵单胞菌代谢网络. 数字代谢该路径的反应
图.7 以最大乙醇产率为目标的最优代谢流分布 反应箭头旁的三个流量数字从上到下分别代表,以葡萄糖为唯一碳源;以木糖为唯一碳源;以葡萄糖,木糖各50%为碳源。
作者用线性规划的方法分别确定了以最大能量,乙醇,生物量为目表的代谢路径边界,指出删除运动发酵单胞菌上某一个基因和两个基因所引起的对生长,乙醇生产能力的影响需要进一步研究。研究主要结果是:运动发酵单胞菌代谢网络缺乏消耗多余的ATP的弹性,这限制了乙醇的生成,使得有必要合成甘油作为竞争产物;菌体生长和乙醇的生产对于基质的消耗是竞争性的,最大的生长伴随着乙醇的形成。
3.2 动力学优化运动发酵单胞菌戊糖发酵[12]
通过假定运动发酵单胞菌包含磷酸戊糖途径(PP)和ED途径的代谢网络,借助了一个包含该网络所有酶反应的动力学模型,研究优化该代谢网络。通过动力学模型能够动态模拟PP和ED途径的胞内代谢物浓度,这个动力学模型能够预测当不同的酶浓度发生变化时是如何影响胞内代谢产物浓度以及乙醇的浓度。在连续的发酵中,五种酶的浓度做为输入变量,乙醇的浓度优化条件为木糖异构酶为最高水平,其次为转醛醇酶浓度。模型也预测到磷酸葡糖异构酶不需要过量表达,实验也证实了这一点。
通过动力学研究,为提高木糖发酵运动发酵单胞菌建议了可能的方法,即如何在最少程度破坏细胞生理的条件下,优化表达异源基因的水平,不恰当的构建会引起胞内代谢物积累和生长分担过重。动力学研究能够让我们看到流量是如何在PP和ED途径中分布的,同时也可以明白其他的代谢产物是如何调节和影响非线性的反应,从而有利于我们最大效率的表达外源基因。
动力学分析表明,对于胞外乙醇浓度影响最大的三种酶是木糖异构酶,转醛醇酶,木酮糖激酶。这原因可能是这些异源的酶控制着PP途径的通量,它们水平的提高能够消除代谢路径的瓶颈,从而积累中间代谢产物。模型预测发现相对低浓度的自有的磷酸葡萄糖异构酶和异源表达的转酮醇酶,能够获得最大的乙醇产量。动态平衡方程式和非线性酶动力学表达式,为进一步模拟动态发酵提供了强有力的框架。
图.8最优乙醇生产效率时的PP途径和糖酵解途径酶反应速率
3.3 核磁共振技术研究重组运动发酵单胞菌
13C 和 31P核磁共振技术用来研究产物形成路径以及代谢的能量状态。31P核磁共振技术测定胞内磷酸核苷,其他能量化合物,以及胞内pH的变化,反映出细胞的能量状态。重组运动菌在共发酵葡萄糖和木糖混合培养基时表现二次生长,在以木糖为唯一碳源时表现出低的生物量,乙醇形成速率慢等问题。核磁共振技术研究表明同葡萄糖相比,以木糖为培养基细胞得率低的原因可能是:由于质粒的维持而增加了代谢负担;木糖代谢副产物的形成损失了碳源和能量;木糖代谢产物对生长的抑制;木糖发酵过程中,木糖低的吸收速率导致细胞低的能量化状态[13]。13C 和 31P核磁共振技术也用在乙酸对重组菌株抑制的机理研究[14-15]。纤维素水解液中存在许多抑制微生物生长的物质,特别是乙酸在水解液中含量大,而且对重组运动发酵单胞菌的抑制作用最强。乙酸的抑制作用事酸化细胞质。当存在乙酸的时候胞内磷酸糖和NTP水平下降,这表明胞内低能量状态是抑制的主要机理之一。
4.结语
运动发酵单胞菌ZM4全基因序列的报道[16],进一步增强了人们对运动发酵单胞菌的理解,为代谢工程的运用开辟了更广阔的途径。运动发酵单胞菌具有不完全的TCA循环,可以通过代谢工程改变代谢流生产有机酸和TCA循环中间代谢物如琥珀酸[17]。重组运动发酵单胞菌在纤维素水解发酵方面仍存在许多问题如己糖和戊糖共发酵效率,戊糖的吸收能力,抑制物的耐受性等。有报道通过在运动发酵单胞菌克隆表达质子缓冲缩氨酸的基因[18]来提高其对酸的耐受性。随着组学,系统生物学[19],代谢工程等发展和应用于重组运动发酵单胞菌,相信能够进一步提高其能力,实现其在纤维素水解液发酵中的商业化生产和应用。
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方舟子:三聚氰胺是怎么加到牛奶中的
方舟子:三聚氰胺是怎么加到牛奶中的
2008年09月18日 09:21中国青年报
http://news.ifeng.com/opinion/200809/0918_23_790614.shtml
许多人喝牛奶是为了补钙,不过你如果留心一下国内鲜牛奶包装上的标注,一般没有列出钙的含量,标明的营养成分含量只有两种:脂肪和蛋白质。鲜牛奶有全脂、低脂、脱脂之分,其脂肪含量各不相同,而且在脂肪被视为健康杀手的今天,一般人不会在乎脂肪含量是否达标。蛋白质才是牛奶中的主要营养成分,鲜牛奶包装上都会注着蛋白质含量为100毫升≥2.9克,以表明符合鲜牛奶的国家标准(100毫升≥2.95克)。
生鲜牛奶的蛋白质含量一般在3%以上,所以一般都能达到国家标准,除非往原奶中兑水。要提防有人拿水卖出奶的价钱,就有必要在收购生鲜牛奶时检测蛋白质的含量。根据蛋白质的化学性质,有几种检测方法,各有优缺点。食品工业上普遍采用的、被定为国家标准的是凯氏定氮法。这是19世纪后期丹麦人约翰凯达尔发明的方法,原理很简单:蛋白质含有氮元素,用强酸处理样品,让蛋白质中的氮元素释放出来,测定氮的含量,就可以算出蛋白质的含量。牛奶蛋白质的含氮率约16%,根据国家标准,把测出的氮含量乘以6.38,就是蛋白质含量。
所以凯氏定氮法实际上测的不是蛋白质含量,而是通过测氮含量来推算蛋白质含量,显然,如果样品中还有其他化合物含有氮,这个方法就不准确了。在通常情况下,这不是个问题,因为食物中的主要成分只有蛋白质含有氮,其他主要成分(碳水化合物、脂肪)都不含氮,因此凯氏定氮法是一种很准确的测定蛋白质含量的方法。但是如果有人往样品中偷加含氮的其他物质,就可以骗过凯氏定氮法获得虚假的蛋白质高含量,用兑水牛奶冒充原奶。
常用的一种冒充蛋白质的含氮物质是尿素。不过尿素的含氮量不是很高(46.6%),溶解在水中会发出刺鼻的氨味,容易被觉察,而且用一种简单的检测方法(格里斯试剂法)就可以查出牛奶中是否加了尿素。所以后来造假者就改用三聚氰胺了。三聚氰胺含氮量高达66.6%(含氮量越高意味着能冒充越多的蛋白质),白色无味,没有简单的检测方法(要采用“高性能液体色谱”这种高科技去检测),是理想的蛋白质冒充物。三聚氰胺是一种重要的化工原料,广泛用于生产合成树脂、塑料、涂料等,目前的价格大约是1吨12000元。在生产三聚氰胺过程中,会出现废渣,废渣中还含有70%的三聚氰胺。造假者用来冒充蛋白质的就是三聚氰胺渣,有些“生物技术公司”在网上推销“蛋白精”,其实就是三聚氰胺渣。在饲料、奶制品中添加“蛋白精”冒充蛋白质。
三聚氰胺是怎么加到牛奶中的呢?有两种可能途径。一种是奶站加到原奶中。这样做有一定的局限,因为三聚氰胺微溶于水,常温下溶解度为3.1克/升。也就是说,100毫升水可以溶解0.31克三聚氰胺,含氮0.2克,相当于1.27克蛋白质,由此可以算出,要达到100毫升≥2.95克蛋白质的要求,100毫升牛奶最多只能兑75毫升水(并加入0.54克三聚氰胺)。另一种途径是在奶粉制造过程中加入三聚氰胺,这就不受溶解度限制了,想加多少都可以。
三聚氰胺之所以被不法之徒当成“蛋白精”来用,可能是因为觉得它毒性很低,吃不死人。大鼠口服三聚氰胺,半致死量(毒理学常用指标,指能导致一半的实验对象死亡)大约为每千克体重3克,和食盐相当。大剂量喂食大鼠、兔、狗也未观察到明显的中毒现象。三聚氰胺进入体内后似乎不能被代谢,而是从尿液中原样排出,但是,动物实验也表明,长期喂食三聚氰胺能出现以三聚氰胺为主要成分的肾结石、膀胱结石。我们无法拿人体做试验,而即使患肾结石的人曾经服用过偷加了三聚氰胺的食物,也很难确定三聚氰胺就是罪魁祸首,除非患者的食物来源很单一,例如只吃配方奶粉的婴儿——没想到还真有人敢拿婴儿来做试验证明了它能吃死人!
有人认为既然蛋白质检测法的缺陷导致了致命的造假,还不如干脆取消蛋白质检测,默许牛奶兑水得了。其实凯氏定氮法的缺陷并不难弥补,只要多一道步骤即可:先用三氯乙酸处理样品。三氯乙酸能让蛋白质形成沉淀,过滤后,分别测定沉淀和滤液中的氮含量,就可以知道蛋白质的真正含量和冒充蛋白质的氮含量。这是生物化学的常识,也早成为检测牛奶氮含量的国际标准(ISO 8968)。“蛋白精”骗局在国内出现已有一些年头,“三鹿奶粉”事件不过是把这一“行业秘密”摆在了公众面前。只有改进国家标准,堵住漏洞,才能挽回人们对国产乳业的信心。(原题为《“蛋白精”的骗局》)
2008年09月18日 09:21中国青年报
http://news.ifeng.com/opinion/200809/0918_23_790614.shtml
许多人喝牛奶是为了补钙,不过你如果留心一下国内鲜牛奶包装上的标注,一般没有列出钙的含量,标明的营养成分含量只有两种:脂肪和蛋白质。鲜牛奶有全脂、低脂、脱脂之分,其脂肪含量各不相同,而且在脂肪被视为健康杀手的今天,一般人不会在乎脂肪含量是否达标。蛋白质才是牛奶中的主要营养成分,鲜牛奶包装上都会注着蛋白质含量为100毫升≥2.9克,以表明符合鲜牛奶的国家标准(100毫升≥2.95克)。
生鲜牛奶的蛋白质含量一般在3%以上,所以一般都能达到国家标准,除非往原奶中兑水。要提防有人拿水卖出奶的价钱,就有必要在收购生鲜牛奶时检测蛋白质的含量。根据蛋白质的化学性质,有几种检测方法,各有优缺点。食品工业上普遍采用的、被定为国家标准的是凯氏定氮法。这是19世纪后期丹麦人约翰凯达尔发明的方法,原理很简单:蛋白质含有氮元素,用强酸处理样品,让蛋白质中的氮元素释放出来,测定氮的含量,就可以算出蛋白质的含量。牛奶蛋白质的含氮率约16%,根据国家标准,把测出的氮含量乘以6.38,就是蛋白质含量。
所以凯氏定氮法实际上测的不是蛋白质含量,而是通过测氮含量来推算蛋白质含量,显然,如果样品中还有其他化合物含有氮,这个方法就不准确了。在通常情况下,这不是个问题,因为食物中的主要成分只有蛋白质含有氮,其他主要成分(碳水化合物、脂肪)都不含氮,因此凯氏定氮法是一种很准确的测定蛋白质含量的方法。但是如果有人往样品中偷加含氮的其他物质,就可以骗过凯氏定氮法获得虚假的蛋白质高含量,用兑水牛奶冒充原奶。
常用的一种冒充蛋白质的含氮物质是尿素。不过尿素的含氮量不是很高(46.6%),溶解在水中会发出刺鼻的氨味,容易被觉察,而且用一种简单的检测方法(格里斯试剂法)就可以查出牛奶中是否加了尿素。所以后来造假者就改用三聚氰胺了。三聚氰胺含氮量高达66.6%(含氮量越高意味着能冒充越多的蛋白质),白色无味,没有简单的检测方法(要采用“高性能液体色谱”这种高科技去检测),是理想的蛋白质冒充物。三聚氰胺是一种重要的化工原料,广泛用于生产合成树脂、塑料、涂料等,目前的价格大约是1吨12000元。在生产三聚氰胺过程中,会出现废渣,废渣中还含有70%的三聚氰胺。造假者用来冒充蛋白质的就是三聚氰胺渣,有些“生物技术公司”在网上推销“蛋白精”,其实就是三聚氰胺渣。在饲料、奶制品中添加“蛋白精”冒充蛋白质。
三聚氰胺是怎么加到牛奶中的呢?有两种可能途径。一种是奶站加到原奶中。这样做有一定的局限,因为三聚氰胺微溶于水,常温下溶解度为3.1克/升。也就是说,100毫升水可以溶解0.31克三聚氰胺,含氮0.2克,相当于1.27克蛋白质,由此可以算出,要达到100毫升≥2.95克蛋白质的要求,100毫升牛奶最多只能兑75毫升水(并加入0.54克三聚氰胺)。另一种途径是在奶粉制造过程中加入三聚氰胺,这就不受溶解度限制了,想加多少都可以。
三聚氰胺之所以被不法之徒当成“蛋白精”来用,可能是因为觉得它毒性很低,吃不死人。大鼠口服三聚氰胺,半致死量(毒理学常用指标,指能导致一半的实验对象死亡)大约为每千克体重3克,和食盐相当。大剂量喂食大鼠、兔、狗也未观察到明显的中毒现象。三聚氰胺进入体内后似乎不能被代谢,而是从尿液中原样排出,但是,动物实验也表明,长期喂食三聚氰胺能出现以三聚氰胺为主要成分的肾结石、膀胱结石。我们无法拿人体做试验,而即使患肾结石的人曾经服用过偷加了三聚氰胺的食物,也很难确定三聚氰胺就是罪魁祸首,除非患者的食物来源很单一,例如只吃配方奶粉的婴儿——没想到还真有人敢拿婴儿来做试验证明了它能吃死人!
有人认为既然蛋白质检测法的缺陷导致了致命的造假,还不如干脆取消蛋白质检测,默许牛奶兑水得了。其实凯氏定氮法的缺陷并不难弥补,只要多一道步骤即可:先用三氯乙酸处理样品。三氯乙酸能让蛋白质形成沉淀,过滤后,分别测定沉淀和滤液中的氮含量,就可以知道蛋白质的真正含量和冒充蛋白质的氮含量。这是生物化学的常识,也早成为检测牛奶氮含量的国际标准(ISO 8968)。“蛋白精”骗局在国内出现已有一些年头,“三鹿奶粉”事件不过是把这一“行业秘密”摆在了公众面前。只有改进国家标准,堵住漏洞,才能挽回人们对国产乳业的信心。(原题为《“蛋白精”的骗局》)
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